Shipboard electrical power systems

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Introduction
Chapter 1: AC Power Fundamentals
	1.1. Current Voltage Power and Energy
	1.2. Alternating Current
		1.2.1. RMS Value and Average Power
		1.2.2. Polarity Marking in AC
	1.3. Ac Phasor
		1.3.1. Operator j for 90° Phase Shift
		1.3.2 Three Ways of Writing Phasors
		1.3.3. Phasor Form Conversion
	1.4. Phasor Algebra Review
	1.5. Single-phase Ac Power Circuit
		1.5.1. Series R-L-C Circuit
		1.5.2. Impedance Triangle
		1.5.3. Circuit Laws and Theorems
	1.6. Ac Power in Complex Form
	1.7. Reactive Power
	1.8. Three-Phase Ac Power System
		1.8.1. Balanced y- and Δ-Connected systems
		1.8.2. Y-Δ Equivalent Impedance Conversion
	Further Reading
Chapter 2: Shipboard Power System Architectures
	2.1. Types of Ship Drives
	2.2. Electrical Design Tasks
	2.3. Electrical Load Analysis
		2.3.1. Load Factor or Service Factor
		2.3.2. Load Table Compilation
	2.4. Power System Configurations
		2.4.1. Basic Conventional Ship
		2.4.2. Large Cargo Ship
		2.4.3. Large Cruise Ship
		2.4.4. Ring Bus in Navy Ship
		2.4.5. ABS-R2 Redundancy Class of Ship
		2.4.6. ABS-R2S Redundancy with Separation
		2.4.7. ABS-R2S+ with Two-Winding Propulsion Motors
		2.4.8. Clean Power Bus for Harmonic-Sensitive Loads
		2.4.9. Emergency Generator Engine Starting System
	2.5. Cold-ironing/shore Power
	2.6. Efficiency and Reliability of Chain
	2.7. Shipboard Circuit Designation
	2.8. Ship Simulator
	2.9. Systems of Units
	Further Reading
Chapter 3: Common Aspects of Power Equipment
	3.1. Faraday’s Law and Coil Voltage Equation
	3.2. Mechanical Force and Torque
	3.3. Electrical Equivalent of Newton’s Third Law
	3.4. Power Losses in Electrical Machine
	3.5. Maximum Efficiency Operating Point
	3.6. Thevenin Equivalent Source Model
	3.7. Voltage Drop and Regulation
	3.8. Load Sharing Among Sources
		3.8.1. Static Sources in Parallel
		3.8.2. Load Adjustment
	3.9. Power Rating of Equipment
		3.9.1. Temperature Rise under Load
		3.9.2. Service Life under Overload
	3.10. Temperature Effect on Resistance
	Further Reading
Chapter 4: AC Generator
	4.1. Terminal Performance
	4.2. Electrical Model
	4.3. Electrical Power Output
		4.3.1. Field Excitation Effect
		4.3.2. Power Capability Limits
		4.3.3. Round and Salient Pole Rotors
	4.4. Transient Stability Limit
	4.5. Equal Area Criteria of Transient Stability
	4.6. Speed and Frequency Regulations
	4.7. Load Sharing Among ac Generators
	4.8. Isosynchronous Generator
	4.9. Excitation Methods
	4.10. Short Circuit Ratio
	4.11. Automatic Voltage Regulator
	Further Reading
Chapter 5: AC and DC Motors
	5.1. Induction Motor
		5.1.1. Performance Characteristics
		5.1.2. Starting Inrush kVA Code
		5.1.3. Torque-Speed Characteristic Matching
		5.1.4. Motor Control Center
		5.1.5. Performance at Different Frequency and Voltage
	5.2. Synchronous Motor
	5.3. Motor Hp and Line Current
	5.4. Dual-use Motors
	5.5. Unbalanced Voltage Effect
	5.6. Dc Motor
	5.7. Universal (series) Motor ac or Dc
	5.8. Special Motors for Ship Propulsion
	5.9. Torque Versus Speed Comparison
	Further Reading
Chapter 6: Transformer
	6.1. Transformer Categories
	6.2. Types of Transformers
	6.3. Selection of kVA Rating
	6.4. Transformer Cooling Classes
	6.5. Three-phase Transformer Connections
	6.6. Full-δ and Open-δ Connections
	6.7. Magnetizing Inrush Current
	6.8. Single-line Diagram Model
	6.9. Three-winding Transformer
	6.10. Percent and per Unit Systems
	6.11. Equivalent Impedance at Different Voltage
	6.12. Continuous Equivalent Circuit Through Transformer
	6.13. Influence of Transformer Impedance
	Further Reading
Chapter 7: Power Cable
	7.1. Conductor Gage
	7.2. Cable Insulation
	7.3. Conductor Ampacity
	7.4. Cable Electrical Model
	7.5. Skin and Proximity Effects
	7.6. Cable Design
	7.7. Marine and Special Cables
	7.8. Cable Routing and Installation
	Further Reading
Chapter 8: Power Distribution
	8.1. Typical Distribution Scheme
	8.2. Grounded and Ungrounded Systems
	8.3. Ground Fault Detection Schemes
	8.4. Distribution Feeder Voltage Drop
		8.4.1. Voltage Drop During Motor Starting
		8.4.2. Voltage Boost by Capacitors
		8.4.3. System Voltage Drop Analysis
	8.5. Bus Bars Electrical Parameters
	8.6. High-frequency Distribution
	8.7. Switchboard and Switchgear
		8.7.1. Automatic Bus Transfer
		8.7.2. Disconnect Switch
	Further Reading
Chapter 9: Fault Current Analysis
	9.1. Types and Frequency of Faults
	9.2. Fault Analysis Model
	9.3. Asymmetrical Fault Transient
		9.3.1. Simple Physical Explanation
		9.3.2. Rigorous Mathematical Analysis
	9.4. Fault Current Offset Factor
	9.5. Fault Current Magnitude
		9.5.1. Symmetrical Fault Current
		9.5.2. Asymmetrical Fault Current
		9.5.3. Transient and Subtransient Reactance
		9.5.4. Generator Terminal Fault Current
		9.5.5. Transformer Terminal Fault Current
	9.6. Motor Contribution to Fault Current
	9.7. Current Limiting Series Reactor
	9.8. Unsymmetrical Faults
	9.9. Circuit Breaker Selection Simplified
	Further Reading
Chapter 10: System Protection
	10.1. Fuse
		10.1.1. Fuse Selection
		10.1.2. Types of Fuse
	10.2. Overload Protection
	10.3. Electromechanical Relay
	10.4. Circuit Breaker
		10.4.1. Types of Circuit Breaker
		10.4.2. Circuit Breaker Selection
	10.5. Differential Protection of Generator
	10.6. Differential Protection of Bus and Feeders
	10.7. Ground Fault Current Interrupter
	10.8. Transformer Protection
	10.9. Motor Branch Circuit Protection
	10.10. Lightning and Switching Voltage Protection
	10.11. Surge Protection for Small Sensitive Loads
	10.12. Protection Coordination
	10.13. Health Monitoring
	10.14. Arc Flash Analysis
	Further Reading
Chapter 11: Economic Use of Power
	11.1. Economic Analysis
		11.1.1. Cash Flow with Borrowed Capital
		11.1.2. Payback of Self-Financed Capital
	11.2. Power Loss Capitalization
	11.3. High Efficiency Motor
	11.4. Power Factor Improvement
		11.4.1. Capacitor Size Determination
		11.4.2. Parallel Resonance with Source
		11.4.3. Safety with Capacitors
		11.4.4. Difference between PF and Efficiency
	11.5. Energy Storage During Night
	11.6. Variable Speed Motor Drives ac and Dc
	11.7. Regenerative Braking
		11.7.1. Induction Motor Torque versus Speed Curve
		11.7.2. Induction Motor Braking
		11.7.3. DC Motor Braking
		11.7.4. New York and Oslo Metro Trains
	Further Reading
Chapter 12: Electrochemical Battery
	12.1. Major Rechargeable Batteries
		12.1.1. Lead Acid
		12.1.2. Nickel Cadmium
		12.1.3. Nickel Metal Hydride
		12.1.4. Lithium Ion
		12.1.5. Lithium Polymer
		12.1.6. Sodium Battery
	12.2. Electrical Circuit Model
	12.3. Performance Characteristics
		12.3.1. Charge/Discharge Voltages
		12.3.2. c/d Ratio (Charge Efficiency)
		12.3.3. Round Trip Energy Efficiency
		12.3.4. Self-Discharge and Trickle-Charge
		12.3.5. Memory Effect in NiCd
		12.3.6. Temperature Effects
	12.4. Battery Life
	12.5. Battery Types Compared
	12.6. More on the Lead-acid Battery
	12.7. Battery Design Process
	12.8. Safety and Environment
	Further Reading
Chapter 13: Electric Propulsion
	13.1. State of Electric Propulsion
	13.2. Types of Electric Propulsion Drive
		13.2.1. Azimuth Z-drive
		13.2.2. Azimuth Pod-Drive
	13.3. Propulsion Power System Configurations
		13.3.1. Separate Electrical Propulsion Power
		13.3.2. Integrated Electric Propulsion Power
	13.4. Advantages of Electric Propulsion
		13.4.1. Advantages to Cruise and Navy Ships
		13.4.2. Special Advantages to Navy Ships
	13.5. ac Vs. Dc Power Option
	13.6. Optimum Voltage Level
	13.7. Propulsion Power Requirement
	13.8. Ship Speed Vs. Fuel Consumption
	13.9. Hybrid Propulsion
		13.9.1. Hybrid Tug Boat
		13.9.2. Hybrid Ferry
	Further Reading
Chapter 14: Ship Emission Regulations and Clean Power Technologies
	14.1. Overview of Ship Emissions
	14.2. Key Marine Air Pollutants
	14.3. Marine Emission Regulations
	14.4. Means of Emission Reduction
		14.4.1. Low Sulfur Fuel Switching
		14.4.2. Speed Reduction (Slow Steaming)
		14.4.3. Using Shore power at Port (Cold Ironing)
		14.4.4. Using Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)
		14.4.5. Using Scrubbers
	14.5. Clean Power Technologies
		14.5.1. Fuel Cell Power
			14.5.1.1. Electrochemistry
			14.5.1.2. Electrical Performance
			14.5.1.3. Types of Fuel Cell
			14.5.1.4. Fuel Cells for Navy and Military Use
			14.5.1.5. Fuel Cell in Merchant Ships
		14.5.2. Lithium-Ion Batteries
		14.5.3. Solar Photovoltaics
		14.5.4. Wind Power
	Further Reading
Chapter 15: Marine Industry Standards
	15.1. Standard-issuing Organizations
	15.2. Classification Societies
	15.3. Ieee Standard-45
	15.4. Code of Federal Regulations
	15.5. Military-Std-1399
	Further Reading
Appendix A: Symmetrical Components
Appendix B: Operating Ships Power System Data Example
Index