Shielding Against High Energy Radiation

1.1.1 Description of the volume and its use....Pages 1-1
1.1.2 Ionizing radiation....Pages 2-4
1.1.3 Biological effects....Pages 4-15
1.1.4 Damage to materials....Pages 15-23
1.1.5 Sources of high-energy radiation....Pages 23-26
1.2 Shielding estimations....Pages 27-30
1.3.1 General references....Pages 30-31
Tables 1.17 - 19....Pages 31-39
Table 1.20....Pages 40-53
1.3.3 Definitions of quantities and expressions used in this volume....Pages 53-61
1.3.4 List of frequentty used symbols....Pages 62-64
1.4 References for 1....Pages 64-66
2.1 Introduction....Pages 67-67
2.2.1 Inelastic hadron-nucleus scattering....Pages 68-74
2.2.2 Elastic hadron-nucleus scattering....Pages 74-76
2.2.3 Ionization energy loss, multiple Coulomb scattering....Pages 77-78
2.2.4.1 Definitions, kinematics....Pages 78-79
2.2.4.2 Exclusive and inclusive particle production cross-sections....Pages 79-79
2.2.4.3 Particle production in hadron-hadron collisions....Pages 80-85
2.2.4.4 Hadron production in hadron-nucleus collisions....Pages 86-88
2.2.4.5 Models for particle production in hadron-nucleus collisions....Pages 89-91
2.2.4.7 Hadron-hadron and hadron-nucleus collisions at energies below 5 GeV....Pages 92-95
2.2.4.8 Nuclear excitation energies and production of cascade nucleons....Pages 96-98
2.3 The hadron cascade....Pages 98-104
2.4.1 Introduction....Pages 104-105
2.4.2 Monte-Carlo calculations of hadron-meson cascades in large beam dumps....Pages 106-116
2.4.3 Results of Monte-Carlo calculations for a target in a cylindrical tunnel....Pages 117-122
2.4.4 Monte-Carlo results for a small target inside a magnet in a tunnel....Pages 122-123
2.5 Empirical shielding formulae....Pages 124-136
2.6 Estimation of shielding thickness....Pages 136-151
2.7 Other results from hadron cascade calculations....Pages 152-164
2.8 References for 2....Pages 165-171
3.2.1 Introduction....Pages 172-175
Description of the phenomenon....Pages 175-177
Bremsstrahlung cross-sections....Pages 177-183
Energy loss by Bremsstrahlung....Pages 184-187
Electron mass stopping power....Pages 187-187
Z = 1 - 16....Pages 188-199
Z = 18 - 92....Pages 200-210
Dry air - polystyrene....Pages 211-219
Radiation length....Pages 220-224
3.2.2.2 Average energy loss by collision (mass stopping power)....Pages 225-226
3.2.2.3 Elastic scattering....Pages 226-227
3.2.2.4 Annihilation of electron-positron pairs....Pages 227-228
3.2.2.8 Collective effects....Pages 228-229
3.2.3.1 Pair production....Pages 229-230
Z = 1 - 11....Pages 231-241
Z = 12 - 20....Pages 242-253
Z = 26 - 82....Pages 254-264
3.2.3.3 Photoelectric effect....Pages 265-266
3.2.3.7 Attenuation of photons....Pages 266-267
3.3.1 Introduction....Pages 267-269
3.3.2 Characteristics of an electromagnetic shower....Pages 270-276
3.3.3 Shower theory....Pages 276-282
3.3.4 Monte-Carlo simulation of cascades....Pages 282-284
3.3.5 Experimental data....Pages 284-291
3.3.6 Photonuclear reactions....Pages 291-292
3.3.6.1 Low-energy region....Pages 292-292
3.3.6.2 Giant Dipole Resonance....Pages 293-301
3.3.6.3 Quasi-Deuteron Effect....Pages 301-306
3.3.6.4 The high-energy region....Pages 306-309
3.4 Shielding against electrons....Pages 309-324
3.5 Tables of shielding requirements in practical situations....Pages 324-336
3.6 References for 3....Pages 336-349
4.1 Introduction....Pages 350-358
4.2.1 Ionization energy loss and multiple Coulomb scattering....Pages 358-360
4.2.2 Bremsstrahlung....Pages 360-362
4.2.3 Direct electron pair production....Pages 363-365
4.2.4 Interactions of muons with nucleons....Pages 365-367
4.3 Muon slowing-down....Pages 368-384
4.4 Multiple scattering....Pages 384-393
4.5 Muons from proton-induced cascades....Pages 394-402
4.6 Specification of muon shielding....Pages 402-407
4.7 References for 4....Pages 407-410
A.1 Neutron skyshine....Pages 411-417
A.2 Neutron attenuation in labyrinths, ducts and penetrations....Pages 417-422
A.3 Photon attenuation in labyrinths, ducts and penetrations....Pages 423-424
A.4 References to appendix....Pages 425-427