SERS for Point-of-care and Clinical Applications

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SERS for Point-of-care and Clinical Applications
SERS for Point-of-care and Clinical Applications
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Contents
Contributors
Editor biography
1 - Data analysis in SERS diagnostics
	Introduction
	General data processing workflow
		Study definition and data collection
		Data handling considerations (data structures, organization)
			Metadata organization
		A bit of statistics
		Survey of software available
		Data integrity
			Outliers
	Data preprocessing
		Spectral preprocessing (row-wise methods)
			Normalization
			Model-based methods
		Column transformations
	Models
		Exploratory data analysis (unsupervised learning)
		Regression
			Principal component regression
			Partial least squares regression
		Classification
			Linear discriminant analysis and quadratic discriminant analysis
			Logistic regression
			Principal component analysis and partial least squares as preprocessing: PCA-LDA, PLS-LDA, PLS-LR, etc.
			Soft independent modeling of class analogies
		Nonlinear models
			k nearest neighbors
			Support vector machines
			Artificial neural networks
	Verification of results
		Bias and variance in verification
		Verification schemes
			Validation studies and assessing ruggedness
			Hold out/independent test sets
			Autoprediction (training error)
			Resampling: cross validation and out-of-bootstrap
		Figures of merit
			Regression
				Diagnostic plots
				Diagnostic plots
			Classification
				Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and similar proportions
				Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and similar proportions
			Model stability and overfitting
	Hyperparameter optimization
	Concluding remarks
	References
2 - Label-free SERS techniques in biomedical applications
	Introduction
	Oncological diseases
	Neurological diseases
	Infectious diseases
	Future challenges and perspectives
	References
3 - SERS probes and tags for biomedical applications
	Introduction
		Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
	Design considerations
		Particle type
		Raman reporter
		Surface coating
		Targeting
		Sensing mechanism
	References
4 - SERS biosensors for point-of-care infectious disease diagnostics
	Introduction
	Antibody-based SERS biosensors
	Aptamer-based SERS biosensors
	Nucleic acid–based SERS biosensors
	SERS biosensors without bioreceptor
	Conclusion
	References
5 - SERS-based molecular sentinel nanoprobes for nucleic acid biomarker detection
	Introduction
	Development of the iMS nanoprobe for label-free homogenous biosensing
		Silver-coated gold nanostars for SERS detection
		Detection scheme of the SERS iMS nanoprobe
		Development of iMS for detection of microRNA biomarkers
	Detection of miRNA biomarkers within biological samples
		RNA extracted from cancer cell lines
		Clinical evaluation of miRNA cancer biomarker detection using iMS nanoprobes
	Multiplexed detection of miRNA biomarkers
		Development of multiplexing technique
		Multiplex detection of endogenous targets extracted from breast cancer cell lines
		iMS bioassay-on-chip
	Conclusion
	References
6 - SERS detection of oral and gastrointestinal cancers
	Introduction
	Oral cancer
		Introduction
		Optimization and design considerations
		Discussion and future directions
	Esophageal cancer
		Introduction
		Optimization and design considerations
		Discussion and future directions
	Stomach cancer
		Introduction
		Optimization and design considerations
		Discussion and future directions
	Intestinal cancer
		Introduction
		Optimization and design considerations
		Discussion and future directions
	Concluding remarks
	References
7 - In vivo imaging with SERS nanoprobes
	Introduction
	Raman imaging with SERS nanoprobes
	In vivo imaging with SERS nanoparticles—multiplexing potential
	Biological barriers and opportunities
	Passive tumor targeting
	Opsonization/sequestration by the mononuclear phagocyte system
	Sequestration based on physicochemical properties
	Blood–brain barrier
	Molecular targeting
	Ex vivo SERS-based molecular imaging
	In vivo molecular imaging with SERS nanoprobes
	Multimodal imaging using SERS nanoprobes
	The future of in vivo Raman imaging
	Imaging deeper
	SERS and endoscopy
	Spatially offset optics
	Imaging faster
	Nanoprobe administration
	Conclusion
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
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