Sensorimotor Control of Grasping: Physiology and Pathophysiology

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 15
Part I Methodology......Page 17
Control of isometric grip forces......Page 19
Grip forces during grasping and lifting of objects......Page 22
Grip forces during object movements......Page 25
Measurement of grip forces during writing......Page 28
References......Page 30
Introduction......Page 36
Detected variables (sensors)......Page 37
Optoelectronic techniques......Page 38
Systems using passive markers......Page 39
Potential errors in marker-based systems......Page 40
Normal adult subjects......Page 41
Neuropsychology......Page 43
Future directions......Page 45
References......Page 46
Modeling the digit contacts......Page 49
Slip prevention......Page 50
Multi-digit grasps: a gen tle introduction to grasp mechanics......Page 52
Vertically oriented prismatic grasp......Page 53
Grasp matrix......Page 54
Non-vertical prismatic grasps......Page 55
Virtual finger......Page 57
Internal forces......Page 58
Constraints on digit forces......Page 59
Prehension synergies......Page 61
References......Page 63
Methods for recording of cortical activity in the awake monkey......Page 68
Useful signals for decoding cortical activity during grasp......Page 70
References......Page 74
Introduction......Page 77
Methods for chronic EMG recordings in the awake monkey......Page 78
Data collection and analysis......Page 80
Electromyogram-based identification of object-specific grasp in the awake monkey......Page 81
References......Page 85
Introduction......Page 88
Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies of the primary motor cortex......Page 89
“Virtual lesion” studies of aIPS......Page 90
“Virtual lesion” studies of premotor involvement in reach-to-grasp......Page 93
Paired-pulse studies of PMd involvement in reach-to-grasp......Page 94
References......Page 97
Early neuroimaging studies......Page 100
The physiological basis of the BOLD signal......Page 102
Technical challenges......Page 103
Visually guided reach-to-grasp and frontoparietal circuits......Page 105
Sensorimotor control mechanisms for dexterous manipulation......Page 109
References......Page 111
Introduction......Page 115
Selection of grip force output and the basal ganglia......Page 116
Role of the basal ganglia in scaling the duration, rate and amplitude of force......Page 119
Summary and conclusions......Page 122
References......Page 123
Introduction......Page 126
Neurophysiological considerations and the FARS model......Page 128
Learning: grasp developm ent in infant s......Page 138
Learning: hand configurations suitable for the target object......Page 139
Control:coordination of reach and grasp......Page 141
Control: internal models and load force–grip force coupling......Page 142
Discussion......Page 143
References......Page 144
Part II The physiology of grasping......Page 149
Introduction: hand grasping movements before 1980......Page 151
The Brandeis Meeting (1978)......Page 155
A method for reducing the number of degrees of freedom......Page 156
The kinematic description of grasping......Page 158
The coordination and timing of the two components......Page 160
Conclusion......Page 162
References......Page 163
Sensory systems supporting object manipulation......Page 165
Contact events and action goals in manipulation tasks......Page 167
Control points for reaches for objects......Page 169
Tactile contact responses......Page 170
Control points supporting grasp stability......Page 172
Tactile contact responses......Page 174
Accidental slips......Page 175
Control points for object motion......Page 176
Predictions and control points in the visual modality......Page 177
Conclusions......Page 179
References......Page 180
Introduction......Page 185
Prediction and internal models......Page 186
Neural basis of anticipatory grip force adjustments......Page 190
Independent object representations in action and perception......Page 195
References......Page 198
Introduction......Page 202
Prehension and the sense of touch......Page 203
The precision grip and the co-contraction of antagonist muscles......Page 204
The skin and skin receptors: structure and implicit function......Page 205
Other cortical motor areas and hand movements......Page 207
Cerebellum and hand movements......Page 208
Role of somatosensory cortex in grasping......Page 210
Tactile exploration......Page 212
References......Page 213
Introduction......Page 217
Gripping......Page 218
Basic grip and friction......Page 219
Local shape constraints on grip points......Page 220
Cues to grip point selection......Page 222
Transport and grasp as two independent processes......Page 224
Kinematic constraints on grip posture......Page 225
References......Page 226
Introduction......Page 228
Bimanual force production and the crosstalk model......Page 229
Cortical substrates for bimanual constraints......Page 230
Predictive mechanisms and bimanual coordination......Page 231
Subcortical structures in bimanual coordination......Page 232
Assigning two hands to different subgoals......Page 233
Bimanual object manipulation......Page 234
Mirror neurons and complementary action......Page 237
References......Page 238
Introduction......Page 243
Grip force coordination during regular rhythmic gait......Page 244
Methodological considerations when analyzing grip force during locomotion......Page 246
Grip-force coordination during predictable gait variations......Page 247
Grip-force coordination during gait initiation......Page 249
Neuro-motor control processes in object transport during locomotion......Page 251
Conclusions......Page 253
References......Page 254
Introduction......Page 259
Development of prehension......Page 260
Development of independent finger movements......Page 262
Manipulation and lifting of stable objects......Page 263
Adaptation to friction – tactile adjustments......Page 265
Adaptation to weight – predictive parameterisation of force......Page 266
Triggered corrections – reflexes involved in manipulation......Page 268
Neuronal group selection theory......Page 270
References......Page 271
Introduction......Page 274
Behavioral slowing......Page 276
Beyond behavioral slowing......Page 277
Controlling total external moments on objects – a fundamental problem in aging?......Page 280
Does impaired sensory processing contribute to declining fine dexterity?......Page 282
Bilateral hand function......Page 285
References......Page 286
Part III The pathophysiology of grasping......Page 291
Introduction......Page 293
Transient perturbation of somatosensory afferents in healthy subjects......Page 294
Polyneuropathy and carpal tunnel syndrome......Page 296
Complete sensory deafferentation......Page 297
Stroke......Page 301
Conclusion......Page 304
References......Page 305
Introduction......Page 309
Carpal tunnel syndrome......Page 311
Effect of carpal tunnel syndrome on grasp control......Page 312
Effect of CTS on multi-digit grasping......Page 313
Discussion......Page 316
Conclusion......Page 317
References......Page 318
General information about stroke......Page 320
Paresis post stroke......Page 321
Kinematic and kinetic alterations in grasping post stroke......Page 323
Recovery of grasping......Page 326
Relationships between the ability to grasp and daily function......Page 328
Unique grasping deficits when stroke damages only the posterior parietal lobe......Page 329
References......Page 330
Introduction......Page 335
Components of prehension......Page 337
Control of transport......Page 339
Control of grasp......Page 340
Coordination between transport and grasp......Page 341
Concluding remarks......Page 344
Acknowledgments......Page 345
References......Page 346
Introduction......Page 350
Impairment of grip forces in Huntington’s disease shows correlation to clinical measures of disease severity......Page 351
Assessment of progression in Huntington’s disease using grip-force analysis......Page 353
References......Page 355
Traumatic brain injury: incidence, severity and imaging......Page 357
Hand-function tests after TBI......Page 360
Reach-to-grasp movements......Page 361
Precision grip......Page 364
Discussion......Page 366
References......Page 369
Focal hand dystonia......Page 372
Abnormal sensorimotor integration......Page 374
Abnormal plasticity......Page 376
Loss of inhibition......Page 378
Conclusion......Page 380
References......Page 381
The anatomy of the cerebellum and its relation to the control of grasping......Page 385
Nuclear activity as a function of the task......Page 388
Theories of cerebellar functions......Page 389
Clinical symptoms of cerebellar disorders relevant to grasping......Page 391
Pathophysiology of grasping in cerebellar disorders......Page 397
References......Page 400
Pathophysiology......Page 403
Clinical characteristics......Page 405
Pathophysiology......Page 406
Pathophysiology......Page 407
Interference with (grasping) movements......Page 408
Clinical characteristics......Page 409
Rest tremor......Page 410
Postural/action tremor......Page 411
Summary and conclusions......Page 413
References......Page 415
Introduction......Page 418
Parkinson-like side effects of antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia......Page 419
Kinematic motion analysis as an objective measure of NSS and Parkinson-like side effects of antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia......Page 420
Impaired awareness of action in schizophrenia......Page 424
Theoretical considerations......Page 426
References......Page 427
Part IV Therapy of impaired grasping......Page 431
Introduction......Page 433
Organization of the motor system promoting hand function and its intrinsic capacity for reorganization after stroke......Page 434
Constraint-induced movement therapy......Page 437
Strength training......Page 438
Feedback and virtual reality-based training......Page 439
Movement observation......Page 440
Sensorimotor discrimination training......Page 441
Functional electrical muscle stimulation......Page 442
Repetitive peripheral nerve stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)......Page 443
Conclusion......Page 445
References......Page 447
Introduction......Page 453
Changes in the motor system following stroke......Page 454
Stroke and connectivity in the motor system......Page 456
Pharmacological stimulation......Page 457
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)......Page 459
Neuroimaging and the prediction of functional outcome......Page 461
Conclusion......Page 462
References......Page 463
Introduction......Page 466
Mechanisms underlying impaired grasping......Page 467
Constraint-induced therapy: historical perspectives in animals and adult humans......Page 469
Constraint-induced movement therapy in children with hemiparesis......Page 470
Limitations of CIMT......Page 471
Rationale for intensive bimanual training in children with CP......Page 472
Hand–arm bimanual intensive therapy (HABIT)......Page 474
Discussion......Page 477
Conclusions......Page 479
References......Page 480
Introduction......Page 486
The effect of levodopa on akinesia and on levodopa-induced dyskinesias......Page 487
The effect of deep brain stimulation on akinesia and levodopa-induced dyskinesias......Page 490
The effect of therapy on grasping in tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease......Page 492
References......Page 494
Clinical presentation of focal hand dystonia......Page 497
Abnormal sensory processing......Page 498
Impaired activity of inhibitory circuits......Page 499
Neurostimulation......Page 500
Sensory and motor training programs......Page 501
References......Page 505
The symptom complex of INPH......Page 510
The hypokinetic motor disorder in INPH also affects the upper limb......Page 512
Cerebrospinal fluid drainage improves the hypokinetic motor disorder of the upper limb in INPH......Page 514
References......Page 516
Index......Page 519