Sensor Technology Handbook

Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
1.1 Basic Sensor Technology......Page 12
1.2 Sensor Systems......Page 26
2. Application Considerations......Page 32
2.2 System Characteristics......Page 33
2.3 Instrument Selection......Page 34
2.5 Installation......Page 37
3. Measurement Issues and Criteria......Page 40
4.1 Conditioning Bridge Circuits......Page 42
4.2 Amplifiers for Signal Conditioning......Page 56
4.3 Analog to Digital Converters for Signal Conditioning......Page 103
4.4 Signal Conditioning High Impedance Sensors......Page 119
References......Page 147
5.2 Technology Fundamentals......Page 148
5.3 Selecting and Specifying Accelerometers......Page 161
5.4 Applicable Standards......Page 164
5.5 Interfacing and Designs......Page 166
References and Resources......Page 170
6.1 Overview: What Is a Biosensor?......Page 172
6.2 Applications of Biosensors......Page 175
6.3 Origin of Biosensors......Page 179
6.4 Bioreceptor Molecules......Page 180
6.5 Transduction Mechanisms in Biosensors......Page 182
6.6 Application Range of Biosensors......Page 184
6.7 Future Prospects......Page 188
References......Page 190
7.1 Technology Fundamentals......Page 192
7.2 Applications......Page 199
Summary......Page 202
8.1 Introduction......Page 204
8.2 Capacitive Sensors......Page 205
8.3 Inductive Sensors......Page 207
8.4 Capacitive and Inductive Sensor Types......Page 209
8.5 Selecting and Specifying Capacitive and Inductive Sensors......Page 211
8.6 Comparing Capacitive and Inductive Sensors......Page 214
8.7 Applications......Page 215
8.8 Latest Developments......Page 232
Resources......Page 233
9.2 Electromagnetism and Inductance......Page 234
9.3 Sensor Applications......Page 237
9.4 Magnetic Field Sensors......Page 243
9.5 Summary......Page 246
10.1 Methods for Measuring Flow......Page 248
10.2 Selecting Flow Sensors......Page 257
10.3 Installation and Maintenance......Page 258
10.4 Recent Advances in Flow Sensors......Page 260
10.5 Level Sensors......Page 261
10.6 Applicable Standards......Page 265
11.2 Quartz Sensors......Page 266
11.3 Strain Gage Sensors......Page 273
References and Resources......Page 280
12.2 Sensor Types and Technologies......Page 282
12.3 Selecting and Specifying Humidity Sensors......Page 286
12.4 Applicable Standards......Page 290
12.5 Interfacing and Design Information......Page 291
References and Resources......Page 295
13.1 Introduction......Page 296
13.2 Technology Fundamentals......Page 299
13.3 Accelerometer Types......Page 302
13.4 Selecting Industrial Accelerometers......Page 305
13.5 Applicable Standards......Page 314
13.7 Sensor Manufacturers......Page 315
13.8 References and Resources......Page 316
14.1 Photosensors......Page 318
14.2 Thermal Infrared Detectors......Page 328
15.1 Contact and Non-contact Position Sensors......Page 332
15.2 String Potentiometer and String Encoder Engineering Guide......Page 381
15.3 Linear and Rotary Position and Motion Sensors......Page 390
15.4 Selecting Position and Displacement Transducers......Page 412
Resources......Page 419
Sources......Page 420
16.1 Piezoresistive Pressure Sensing......Page 422
16.2 Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors......Page 444
References and Resources......Page 467
17.1 Technology Fundamentals......Page 468
17.2 Sensor Types, Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 470
17.3 Selecting and Specifying......Page 472
17.4 Applicable Standards......Page 484
17.5 Interfacing Information......Page 485
17.6 Design Techniques and Tips, with Examples......Page 489
References......Page 491
18.1 Measurement Microphone Characteristics......Page 492
18.2 Common Microphone Types......Page 493
18.3 Traditional Condenser Microphone Design......Page 494
18.5 Frequency Response......Page 495
18.6 Limitations on Measurement Range......Page 501
18.7 Effect of Environmental Conditions......Page 502
18.8 Microphone Standards......Page 503
18.9 Specialized Microphone Types......Page 505
18.10 Calibration......Page 508
18.11 Major Manufacturers of Test and Measurement Microphones......Page 510
References and Resources......Page 511
19.1 Introduction to Strain Gages......Page 512
19.2 Strain-Gage Based Measurements......Page 522
19.3 Strain Gage Sensor Installations......Page 533
20.1 Sensor Types and Technologies......Page 542
20.2 Selecting and Specifying Temperature Sensors......Page 546
20.3 Applicable Standards......Page 560
20.4 Interfacing and Design Information......Page 564
References and Resources......Page 572
21. Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors: Possibilities, Realities, and Applications......Page 574
21.1 Possibilities......Page 575
21.2 Realities......Page 577
21.3 Applications......Page 578
23.4 Summary......Page 582
References......Page 583
For Further Reading......Page 584
22.1 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 586
22.2 Individual Wireless Sensor Node Architecture......Page 587
22.3 Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture......Page 588
22.4 Radio Options for the Physical Layer in Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 591
22.5 Power Consideration in Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 594
22.6 Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 596
References......Page 599
Typical “Initial Cost” Purchase Analysis......Page 602
What’s Missing......Page 603
Conclusion......Page 605
References and Resources:......Page 606
4. What is P1451.4?......Page 608
6. What data is carried in 1451.4 TEDS?......Page 609
8. What is Plug and Play?......Page 610
9. Honeywell Sensotec ‘Sig Cal’ and IEEE 1451.4......Page 611
Table of Basic and Derived SI Units......Page 612
Conversion Factors......Page 614
Electrical Units......Page 616
Numerical Prefixes......Page 617
Appendix D: Physical Constants......Page 618
Dielectric Constants and Strengths......Page 626
Appendix F: Index of Refraction......Page 628
Appendix G: Engineering Material Properties......Page 630
Table of Total Emissivity......Page 636
Appendix I: Physical Properties of Some Typical Liquids......Page 640
Appendix J: Speed of Sound in Various Bulk Media......Page 642
Appendix K: Batteries......Page 644
Temperatures (°C) of Some Physical Phenomena......Page 646
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF......Page 648
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 649
Contributing Companies......Page 658
ACCELERATION......Page 666
ACOUSTIC......Page 667
BIOMEDICAL / BIOSENSORS......Page 668
CHEMICAL / GAS......Page 669
DISPLACEMENT......Page 671
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES......Page 674
FLOW......Page 675
FORCE, LOAD AND WEIGHT......Page 677
HUMIDITY......Page 678
LEVEL......Page 680
OPTICAL......Page 681
POSITION AND MOTION......Page 682
PRESSURE......Page 684
SHOCK......Page 686
STRAIN......Page 687
TEMPERATURE......Page 688
TORQUE......Page 690
VIBRATION......Page 691
Subject Index......Page 694
Sensor Technology Index......Page 701