Sensation & Perception

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
About the Authors
Contents
Preface
Digital Resources for: Sensation & Perception, Sixth Edition
1: Introduction
	1.1 Sensation & Perception: Welcome to Our World
	1.2 Thresholds and the Dawn of Psychophysics
		Psychophysical Methods
		Scaling Methods
		Signal Detection Theory
	1.3 Sensory Neuroscience and the Biology of Perception
		Nerves and Specific Nerve Energies
		Neuronal Connections
		Neuronal Firing: The Action Potential
		Neuroimaging
	1.4 Modeling as a Method: Math and Computation
		Computational Models: Probability, Statistics, and Networks
		Deep Learning
	Summary
2: The First Steps in Vision: From Light to Neural Signals
	2.1 A Little Light Physics
	2.2 Eyes That Capture Light
		Focusing Light onto the Retina
		The Retina
		What the Doctor Saw
		Retinal Geography and Function
	2.3 Dark and Light Adaptation
		Pupil Size
		Photopigment Regeneration
		The Duplex Retina
		Neural Circuitry
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life When Good Retina Goes Bad
	2.4 Retinal Information Processing
		Light Transduction by Rod and Cone Photoreceptors
		Lateral Inhibition through Horizontal and Amacrine Cells
		Convergence and Divergence of Information via Bipolar Cells
		Communicating to the Brain via Ganglion Cells
		Scientists at Work Is One Photon Enough to See?
	Summary
3: Spatial Vision: From Spots to Stripes
	3.1 Visual Acuity: Oh Say, Can You See?
		A Visit to the Eye Doctor
		More Types of Visual Acuity
		Acuity for Low-Contrast Stripes
		Why Sine Wave Gratings?
	3.2 Retinal Ganglion Cells and Stripes
	3.3 The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
	3.4 The Striate Cortex
		The Topography of the Human Cortex
		Some Perceptual Consequences of Cortical Magnification
	3.5 Receptive Fields in Striate Cortex
		Orientation Selectivity
		Other Receptive-Field Properties
		Simple and Complex Cells
		Further Complications
	3.6 Columns and Hypercolumns
	3.7 Selective Adaptation: The Psychologist’s Electrode
		The Site of Selective Adaptation Effects
		Spatial Frequency–Tuned Pattern Analyzers in Human Vision
	3.8 The Development of Vision
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life The Girl Who Almost Couldn’t See Stripes
		Development of the Contrast Sensitivity Function
		Scientists at Work Does the Duck’s Left Eye Know What the Right Eye Saw?
	Summary
4: Perceiving and Recognizing Objects
	4.1 From Simple Lines and Edges to Properties of Objects
		Scientists at Work Rüdiger von der Heydt, Border Ownership, and Transparency
	4.2 What and Where Pathways
	4.3 The Problems of Perceiving and Recognizing Objects
	4.4 Mid-Level Vision
		Finding Edges
		Texture Segmentation and Grouping
		Figure and Ground
		Dealing with Occlusion
		Parts and Wholes
		Summarizing Mid-Level Vision
		From Metaphor to Formal Model
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Material Perception: The Everyday Problem of Knowing What It Is Made Of
	4.5 Object Recognition
		Can We Build It?
		Multiple Recognition Committees?
		Faces: An Illustrative Special Case
	Summary
5: The Perception of Color
	5.1 Basic Principles of Color Perception
		Three Steps to Color Perception
	5.2 Step 1: Color Detection
	5.3 Step 2: Color Discrimination
		The Principle of Univariance
		The Trichromatic Solution
		Metamers
		The History of Trichromatic Theory
		A Brief Digression into Lights, Filters, and Finger Paints
		From Retina to Brain: Repackaging the Information
		Cone-Opponent Cells in the Retina and LGN
	5.4 Step 3: Color Appearance
		Three Numbers, Many Colors
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Picking Colors
		The Limits of the Rainbow
		Opponent Colors
		Color in the Visual Cortex
	5.5 Individual Differences in Color Perception
		Language and Color
		Genetic Differences in Color Vision
		Does Everyone See the Same Colors? The Special Case of Synesthesia
	5.6 From the Color of Lights to a World of Color
		Adaptation and Afterimages
		Color Constancy
		The Problem with the Illuminant
		Physical Constraints Make Constancy Possible
	5.7 What Is Color Vision Good For?
		Scientists at Work Filtering Colors
	Summary
6: Space Perception and Binocular Vision
	6.1 Monocular Cues to Three-Dimensional Space
		Pictorial Depth Cues
		Occlusion
		Size and Position Cues
		Aerial Perspective
		Linear Perspective
		Seeing Depth in Pictures
	6.2 Triangulation Cues to Three-Dimensional Space
		Motion Cues
		Accommodation and Convergence
	6.3 Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
		Stereoscopes and Stereograms
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Recovering Stereo Vision
		Random Dot Stereograms
		Using Stereopsis
		Stereoscopic Correspondence
		The Physiological Basis of Stereopsis and Depth Perception
		Scientists at Work Stereopsis in a Hunting Insect
	6.4 Combining Depth Cues
		The Bayesian Approach Revisited
		Illusions and the Construction of Space
		Binocular Rivalry and Suppression
	6.5 Development of Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
		Abnormal Visual Experience Can Disrupt Binocular Vision
	Summary
7: Attention and Scene Perception
	7.1 Selection in Space
		The “Spotlight” of Attention
	7.2 Visual Search
		Feature Searches Are Efficient
		Many Searches Are Inefficient
		Scientists at Work How Would You Study Visual Search by a Fish?
		Guided Searches in the Real World
		The Binding Problem in Visual Search
		Binding between the Senses
	7.3 Attending in Time: RSVP and the Attentional Blink
	7.4 The Physiological Basis of Attention
		Attention Could Enhance Neural Activity
		Attention Could Enhance the Processing of a Specific Type of Stimulus
		Attention and Single Cells
		Attention May Change the Way Neurons Talk to Each Other
	7.5 Disorders of Visual Attention
		Neglect
		Extinction
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Selective Attention and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
	7.6 Perceiving and Understanding Scenes
		Two Pathways to Scene Perception
		The Nonselective Pathway Computes Ensemble Statistics
		The Nonselective Pathway Computes Scene Gist and Layout—Very Quickly
		Memory for Objects and Scenes Is Amazingly Good
		But … Memory for Objects and Scenes Can Be Amazingly Bad: Change Blindness
		What Do We Actually See?
	Summary
8: Visual Motion Perception
	8.1 Motion Aftereffects
	8.2 Computation of Visual Motion
		Apparent Motion
		The Correspondence Problem: Viewing through an Aperture
		Detection of Global Motion in Area MT
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life The Man Who Couldn’t See Motion
		Second-Order Motion
	8.3 Using Motion Information
		Going with the Flow: Using Motion Information to Navigate
		Avoiding Imminent Collision: The Tao of Tau
		Something in the Way You Move: Using Motion Information to Identify Objects
		Motion-Induced Blindness (MIB)
	8.4 Eye Movements
		Physiology and Types of Eye Movements
		Eye Movements and Reading
		Saccadic Suppression and the Comparator
		Updating the Neural Mechanisms for Eye Movement Compensation
	8.5 Development of Motion Perception
		Scientists at Work Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner
	Summary
9: Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics
	9.1 The Function of Hearing
	9.2 What Is Sound?
		Basic Qualities of Sound Waves: Frequency and Amplitude
		Sine Waves and Complex Sounds
	9.3 Basic Structure of the Mammalian Auditory System
		Outer Ear
		Middle Ear
		Inner Ear
		The Auditory Nerve
		Auditory Brain Structures
	9.4 Basic Operating Characteristics of the Auditory System
		Intensity and Loudness
		Scientists at Work Why Don’t Manatees Get Out of the Way When a Boat Is Coming?
		Frequency and Pitch
	9.5 Hearing Loss
		Types of Hearing Loss
		Causes of Hearing Loss
		Treating Hearing Loss
		Using versus Detecting Sound
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Electronic Ears
	Summary
10: Hearing in the Environment
	10.1 Sound Localization
		Interaural Time Difference
		Interaural Level Difference
		Cones of Confusion
		Pinnae and Head Cues
		Scientists at Work Vulcan Ears
		Auditory Distance Perception
		Spatial Hearing and Blindness
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Sounds from Wind Farms
	10.2 Complex Sounds
		Harmonics
		Timbre
		Attack and Decay
	10.3 Auditory Scene Analysis
		Spatial, Spectral, and Temporal Segregation
		Grouping by Timbre
		Grouping by Onset
		When Hearing Dominates Vision
		When Sounds Become Familiar
	10.4 Continuity and Restoration Effects
		Restoration of Complex Sounds
	10.5 Auditory Attention
	Summary
11: Music and Speech Perception
	11.1 Music
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Music and Emotion
		Musical Notes
		Making Music
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Sonic Seasoning
	11.2 Speech
		Speech Production
		Speech Perception
		Scientists at Work Tickling the Cochlea
		Learning to Listen
		Speech in the Brain
	Summary
12: Vestibular Sensation
	12.1 Vestibular Contributions
	12.2 Evolutionary Development and Vestibular Sensation
	12.3 Modalities and Qualities of Spatial Orientation
		Sensing Angular Motion (“Rotation”), Linear Motion (“Translation”), and Tilt
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life The Vestibular System, Virtual Reality, and Motion Sickness
		Basic Qualities of Spatial Orientation: Amplitude and Direction
	12.4 The Vestibular Organs
		Hair Cells: Mechanical Transducers
		Semicircular Canals
		Otolith Organs
	12.5 Spatial Orientation Perception
		Rotation Perception
		Translation Perception
		Tilt Perception
	12.6 Multisensory Integration
		Visual-Vestibular Multisensory Integration
	12.7 Beyond Multisensory Integration: Active Sensing
	12.8 Reflexive Vestibular Responses
		Vestibulo-Ocular Responses
		Vestibulo-Autonomic Responses
		Vestibulo-Spinal Responses
	12.9 Multisensory Spatial Orientation Cortex
		Vestibular Thalamocortical Pathways
		Cortical Influences
	12.10 When the Vestibular System Goes Bad
		Falls and Vestibular Function
		Mal de Debarquement Syndrome
		Scientists at Work Vestibular Aging
		Ménière’s Syndrome
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Amusement Park Rides—Vestibular Physics Is Fun
	Summary
13: Touch
	13.1 Physical Inputs to Touch
		Touch Physiology
		Touch Receptors and Neural Fibers
		From Skin to Brain
		Pain
		Scientists at Work Tickling Rats
		Neural Plasticity of Somatosensation
	13.2 Tactile Sensitivity and Acuity
		How Sensitive Are We to Mechanical Pressure?
		How Finely Can We Resolve Spatial Details?
		How Finely Can We Resolve Temporal Details?
		Do People Differ in Tactile Sensitivity?
	13.3 Haptic Perception
		Perception for Action
		Action for Perception
		The What System of Touch: Perceiving Objects and Their Properties
		The Where System of Touch: Locating Objects
		Tactile Spatial Attention
		Social Touch
		Interactions between Touch and Other Modalities
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Tangible Phones and Tablets
	Summary
14: Olfaction
	14.1 Olfactory Physiology
		Odors and Odorants
		The Human Olfactory Apparatus
		How Well Do We Smell?
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Anosmia and Conditions that Affect Olfactory Function
	14.2 Neurophysiology of Olfaction
		The Genetic Basis of Olfactory Receptors
		The “Feel” of Scent
	14.3 From Chemicals to Smells
		Theories of Olfactory Perception
		The Importance of Patterns
		Is Odor Perception Synthetic or Analytical?
		Nasal Power
		Odor Imagery
	14.4 Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation
		Detection
		Discrimination and Recognition
		Psychophysical Methods for Detection, Discrimination, and Recognition
		Identification: Olfaction and Language
		Individual Differences
		Adaptation
		Scientists at Work A New Test to Diagnose Parkinson’s Disease
		Cognitive Habituation and Odor Consciousness
	14.5 Olfactory Hedonics
		Familiarity and Intensity
		Nature or Nurture?
		An Evolutionary Argument
		Caveats
	14.6 Associative Learning and Emotion: Neuroanatomical and Evolutionary Considerations
		The Vomeronasal Organ, Human Pheromones, and Chemosignals
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Odor-Evoked Memory and the Truth behind Aromatherapy
	Summary
15: Taste
	15.1 Taste versus Flavor
		Localizing Flavor Sensations: The Role of Taste
		Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Volatile-Enhanced Taste: A New Way to Sweeten Foods
	15.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Gustatory System
		Taste Myth: The Tongue Map
		Taste Buds and Taste Receptor Cells
		Non-Oral Locations for Taste Receptors
		Taste Processing in the Central Nervous System
	15.3 The Four Basic Tastes?
		Salty
		Sour
		Bitter
		Sweet
	15.4 Are There More Than Four Basic Tastes? Does It Matter?
		Protein: The Umami Question
		Fat
	15.5 Genetic Variation in Bitter
		Supertasters
		Health Consequences of Variation in Taste Sensations
	15.6 How Do Taste and Flavor Contribute to the Regulation of Nutrients?
		Scientists at Work The Role of Food Preferences in Food Choices
		Taste
		Flavor
		Is All Olfactory Affect Learned?
	15.7 The Nature of Taste Qualities
		Taste Adaptation and Cross-Adaptation
		The Pleasure of the Burn of Chili Peppers
	Summary
Glossary
References
Index