Semantic Knowledge Modelling via Open Linked Ontologies: Ontologies in E-Governance

Series Editor’s Foreword
Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Subject of the Book
	1.2 Purpose of the Book and Contribution to Science
	1.3 Structure of the Book
	Further Reading
2 e-Government: The Concept, the Environment and Critical Issues for the Back-Office Systems
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The Environment of Public Administration
	2.3 Developing e-Government—Models and Levels of Development
		2.3.1 The Three Rings Model
		2.3.2 The Model of Focus and Centrality
		2.3.3 The 5 Levels of e-Government Development
		2.3.4 The Model of 13 Levels of Digital Service Integration
	2.4 Towards an Electronic Public Administration: The Roadmap
	2.5 Critical Issues for e-Government
	2.6 Back-Office Systems Development—Critical Issues for the Greek Case
		2.6.1 e-Administration—The Current Back-Office in Greece
		2.6.2 The Current Situation for the Personnel of the Public Administration in Greece
		2.6.3 Description of the Support System
		2.6.4 Benefits of the System—Perspectives
		2.6.5 Critical Issues for the System Development
	References
3 Semantic Web: The Evolution of the Web and the Opportunities for the e-Government
	3.1 The Internet as the Foundation for Service Providing
	3.2 The Web as an Internet Service—Historical and Technological References
	3.3 From Web to Web 2.0
	3.4 The Road to Web 3.0 and Web X.0
	3.5 Web 2.0 Versus Web 3.0: A Comparative Analysis
		3.5.1 Web 2.0 as a Collaborative Interactive Platform
		3.5.2 Web 2.0 Technologies
		3.5.3 The Semantic Web: Making Data Meaningful
		3.5.4 The Levels of the Semantic Web
		3.5.5 The Basic Technologies Used in the Semantic Web
		3.5.6 Web 1.0–2.0–3.0: A Comparative Presentation
	3.6 Semantic Web Applications
	3.7 Advantages and Challenges for the Semantic Web
	3.8 Benefits from the Application of the Semantic Web
	3.9 Opportunities for e-Government from the Implementation of Semantic Web Solutions
	References
4 Representation and Knowledge Management for the Benefit of e-Government—Opportunities Through the Tools of the Semantic Web
	4.1 Knowledge and e-Government—Competitive Advantage for the Public Sector
		4.1.1 Knowledge as a Concept
		4.1.2 Knowledge Creation
		4.1.3 Knowledge Coding
	4.2 Knowledge Management in Terms of Semantic Web—Critical Issues for Their Application in e-Government
		4.2.1 The Concept “Knowledge Management”
		4.2.2 Critical Issues for the Implementation of Knowledge Management in the Public Sector
		4.2.3 Knowledge Management Procedures
		4.2.4 Knowledge Management Systems
	4.3 Semantic Tools for Knowledge Management in the Domain of Public Administration
		4.3.1 The RDF Data Model
		4.3.2 RDF Schema Specification Language
		4.3.3 The URI and URI’s Use
		4.3.4 Web Ontology Language—OWL
		4.3.5 Reasoning Tools
	4.4 Modelling and Extraction of Knowledge in the Field of e-Government—Our Proposal as “The e-Government Ontology”
		4.4.1 The e-Government Ontology Motivation
		4.4.2 The Ontology Development in Protégé 4.3
	4.5 Knowledge Acquisition from “The e-Government Ontology”
		4.5.1 SPARQL
		4.5.2 SPARQL-DL in OWL2 Query Tab of Protégé
		4.5.3 DL Query Tool of Protégé
	4.6 Evaluation of Ontology
		4.6.1 Categorization of the Ontology
		4.6.2 Basic Principles of Design
		4.6.3 Methodology of the Ontology Development
	4.7 Semantic Modelling in the Domain of Official Statistics
		4.7.1 The Official Statistics Domain
		4.7.2 Developing an Ontology for the Modelling of Knowledge in the Field of Official Statistics of the ELS
		4.7.3 Results
		4.7.4 Assessment and Evaluation of Ontology
	4.8 Knowledge Representation in the Internal Audit Field
		4.8.1 Introduction and Motivation
		4.8.2 Presentation of the Audit Field
		4.8.3 Modelling of Knowledge Within the Auditing Sector
		4.8.4 Examples of the Application of Restrictions, Rules and Queries in Ontology
		4.8.5 Evaluation—Assessment of Ontology
		4.8.6 Conclusions
	References
5 Towards Open Data and Open Governance—Representation of Knowledge and Triplification of Data in the Field of the Greek Open Government Data
	5.1 From e-Government Towards Open Government
	5.2 Benefits—Perspectives from the Opening of Government Data
	5.3 The Case of Greek Open Government Data
	5.4 Critical Issues for Opening Government Data
		5.4.1 Basic Rules
		5.4.2 Basic Steps for Opening Government Data
		5.4.3 A Proposal for Linked Open Government Data
	5.5 The Open Data Ontology—Our Proposal for the Case of the Greek Open Data Repository
		5.5.1 Introduction and Motivation
		5.5.2 The Ontology Implementation in Protége
		5.5.3 Ontology Evaluation
	5.6 Open Data Triplification—The Case of the Greek Open Data from the “Diavgeia Program”
		5.6.1 Introduction
		5.6.2 Relevant Tools
		5.6.3 Triplification—The Case of Open Data by the "Diavgeia Program"
		5.6.4 Conclusions
	5.7 Open Data Repositories—The Case of the e-Government Ontology Publishing as an Open Ontology in CKAN
		5.7.1 Methodology—Steps for the Development of the CKAN Repository
		5.7.2 Opening Data Through CKAN: The Case of Publishing-Opening e-Government Ontology
	References
6 Production and Publication of Linked Open Data: The Case of Open Ontologies
	6.1 Linked Open Data
		6.1.1 Semantic Web, Linked Data and Linked Open Data—The Fundamental Rules
		6.1.2 The Way That Linked Data Work
		6.1.3 Linking Information Resources to Other Resources Through Redirection
		6.1.4 Basic Steps for Publishing Linked Open Data
	6.2 Linked Open Data Tools
		6.2.1 Apache Jena and Apache Fuseki Server
		6.2.2 Eclipse RDF4J Framework
		6.2.3 Pubby
		6.2.4 Apache Tomcat
		6.2.5 D2R Server and D2RQ Mapping Language
		6.2.6 OpenLink Virtuoso Server and Virtuoso Open Source Server
		6.2.7 Comparison of the Basic Tools
	6.3 Triplification—The Case of Production of RDF Triples from Data in Relational Databases in National Municipal Registry
		6.3.1 Motivation
		6.3.2 The Case of the National Municipal Registry
		6.3.3 Triplification—Steps and Methodology
		6.3.4 Conclusions and Future Work
	6.4 RDF Serialisation from JSON Data—The Case of JSON Data in Diavgeia.gov.gr
		6.4.1 Introduction
		6.4.2 JSON Versus JSON-LD
		6.4.3 Producing RDF Triples out of JSON Data
		6.4.4 Conclusion—Future Work
	6.5 Publication of Linked Data: The Case of the Open Ontology for Open Government
		6.5.1 Create SparqL EndPoint and Publish Linked Open Data Using Fuseki and Pubby Server
		6.5.2 Ontology Publish as Linked Open Data
	6.6 Publication of Open Ontology in the LOD Cloud
		6.6.1 Create a SparqL Endpoint Through OpenLink Virtuoso
		6.6.2 Publication of the e-Government Ontology in the LOD Cloud
		6.6.3 Publication of the Ontology in Linked Open Vocabularies
	6.7 Conclusions
		6.7.1 Pubby Operation
		6.7.2 Benefits of Publishing the Ontology for Open Government as Open Data
	References
7 Education and e-Government—The Case of a Moodle Based Platform for the Education and Evaluation of Civil Servants
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Current Situation in the Education of Civil Servants in Greece
	7.3 e-Training in e-Government
	7.4 The Wiki as a Means of Education and Knowledge Management in Public Institutions
	7.5 Suggested Wiki Implementation Through Moodle
	References
8 Conclusions—Future Work
Appendix
A.1 Customization of the Configuration CKAN File (production.ini)
A.2 Configuration File of Pubby Server (Access in a SparqL Endpoint in the Same Machine)
A.3 Configuration File of Pubby Server (Access in a Remote SparqL Endpoint)
A.4 Summary of Key Open Government Licence Sites