Seismic Design Aids for Nonlinear Pushover Analysis of Reinforced Concrete and Steel Bridges (Advances in Earthquake Engineering)

b11096-0......Page 1
Seismic Design Aids for Nonlinear Pushover Analyisis of Reinforced Concrete and Steel Bridges......Page 2
Advances in Earthquake Engineering Series......Page 3
Seismic Design Aids for Nonlinear Pushover Analyisis of Reinforced Concrete and Steel Bridges......Page 4
Disclaimer......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Series Preface......Page 13
Preface......Page 14
Series Editor......Page 17
Authors......Page 18
1.2 AASHTO Bridge Seismic Design Philosophy......Page 20
1.2.1 AASHO Elastic Design Procedures (1961–1974)......Page 21
1.2.2 AASHTO Force-Based Design Procedures (1975–1992)......Page 22
1.2.3 AASHTO Force-Based Design Procedures (1992–2008)......Page 24
1.2.3.1 Force-Reduction R-Factor......Page 32
1.2.3.2 Capacity Design Concept......Page 34
1.2.4 AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design (2009)......Page 35
1.2.4.1 Nonlinear Pushover Analysis Procedure......Page 36
1.3 Direct Displacement- Based Design Procedures......Page 37
2.2 Performance Level Verification for New Bridges Designed by DDBD......Page 41
2.3 Capacity/ Demand Ratios for the Seismic Evaluation of Existing Bridges......Page 46
2.4 Quantitative Bridge System Redundancy Evaluation......Page 47
2.6 Other Applications......Page 49
3.1 Introduction......Page 52
3.2 SOL 01— Elastic Static Analysis......Page 54
3.3.1 Flowchart in SOL04......Page 55
3.3.2 Nonlinear Pushover Procedure......Page 56
3.4.3 Gap /Restrainer Model (GAP)......Page 58
3.4.4 Takeda Hysteresis Model (TAKEDA)......Page 59
3.4.7 Finite-Segment Steel Stress –StrainHysteresis Model (STABILITY 1)......Page 60
3.4.8 Finite-Segment Reinforced Concrete Stress –StrainHysteresis Model (R/CONCR ETE1)......Page 62
3.4.9 Finite Segment–Moment Curvature Model (MOMCURV A1)......Page 69
3.4.12 Brace Material (BRACE)......Page 70
3.5.1 Elastic 3D Prismatic Element (3D-BEAM)......Page 71
3.5.2 Spring Element (SPRING )......Page 72
3.5.3 Inelastic 3D Beam Element (IE3DBEAM)......Page 75
3.5.4 Finite-Segment Element (STABILITY )......Page 76
3.5.5 Plate Element (PLATE)......Page 77
3.5.6 Point Element (POINT )......Page 78
3.6 Material- Element Cross Reference......Page 79
4.1 Bilinear Interaction Axial Load– Moment Method......Page 80
4.2 Plastic Hinge Length Method......Page 82
4.3 Constant Moment Ratio Method......Page 89
4.4 Finite Segment– Finite String Method......Page 96
4.5 Finite Segment– Moment Curvature Method......Page 98
4.6 Concrete Column Failure Modes......Page 99
4.7 Bilinear Moment– Curvature Curves......Page 108
4.8 Column Axial Load– Moment Interaction......Page 110
4.9 Column Axial Load– Plastic Curvature Capacity Curve......Page 111
5.1.2 Joint Coordinate System......Page 113
5.1.3 Rigid Body Constraints......Page 114
5.2 Inelastic IE3DBEAM Element......Page 117
5.2.1 Element Coordinate System and Degrees of Freedom......Page 118
5.2.2 Element Stiffness Matrix in ECS......Page 119
5.2.3 Element Stiffness Matrix in Terms of Global Degrees of Freedom......Page 122
5.2.4 Element Geometric Stiffness Matrix in Gdof......Page 125
5.3.2 Element Stiffness Matrix in ECS......Page 127
5.4.1 Element Coordinate System and Degrees of Freedom......Page 129
5.4.3 Element Stiffness Matrix in Gdof......Page 130
5.5 Plate Element......Page 131
5.5.2 Element Stiffness Matrix in ECS......Page 132
5.5.3 Element Stiffness Matrix in Gdof......Page 133
5.6.1 Unbalanced Element Forces......Page 134
5.6.2 Global Unbalanced Joint Forces......Page 135
5.6.3 Assembly of the Global Structural and Geometric Stiffness......Page 136
Notes on Input......Page 141
6.1 STRUCTURE — Define the Structural Model......Page 142
6.1.1 Joints and Degrees of Freedom......Page 143
6.1.2 Materials and Hysteresis Models......Page 146
6.1.3 Geometric Stiffness Data......Page 165
6.1.4 Element Data......Page 166
6.1.5 Mass......Page 174
6.2.1 Joint Loads......Page 175
6.2.2 Element Loads......Page 176
6.3.1 Output Data to Plot Files......Page 178
6.3.4 Load Factors......Page 180
6.4 BUG — Set Bug Options......Page 181
6.8 RELEASE— Release Memory......Page 182
6.9 STOP— Terminate Execution......Page 183
7.1 Structural Limit State Indicators......Page 184
7.3.1 Example 1: Moment–Curvature Analysis......Page 185
7.3.2 Example 2: Single-Column Bent......Page 197
7.3.3 Example 3: Steel Member Plastic Analysis......Page 204
7.3.4 Example 4: Two-Column Bent (Displacement Control)......Page 209
7.3.5 Example 5: Two-Column Bent (Force Control)......Page 245
7.3.6 Example 6: Column with Rectangular Section......Page 255
7.3.7 Example 7: Three-Column Bent (with 3D-BEAM,IE3DBEAM, SPRING , PLATE, and POINT elements)......Page 259
7.3.8 Example 8: Four-Column Bent......Page 262
7.3.9 Example 9: Pile Cap Bent......Page 266
7.3.10 Example 10: Cross Frame Analysis......Page 275
7.3.11 Example 11: Column with Shear Failure......Page 280
7.3.12.1 For Test Specimen #1......Page 290
7.3.12.2 For Test Specimen #2......Page 292
7.3.13 Example 13: Cyclic Response of a Cantilever Beam......Page 302
Appendix A: Stiffness Matrix Formulation for Bilinear PM Method......Page 308
B.1 Section Properties of Finite Segment......Page 312
B.2 Segment’s Rotation Matrix, [R]12×12,and Stiffness Matrix......Page 318
Appendix C: Unbalanced Forces of a Finite Segment......Page 328
Appendix D: Nonlinear Incremental Solution Algorithms......Page 330
Appendix E: Plastic Curvature Capacities and Neutral Axis Depth in Columns......Page 334
F.1 Newmark Integration Method......Page 339
F.2 Wilson-0 Method......Page 344
F.3 Proportional Damping Matrix......Page 347
Appendix G: Elastic and Inelastic Response Spectra......Page 349
G.1 Elastic Response Spectrum......Page 350
G.2 Inelastic Response Spectrum......Page 352
G.3 Force-Reduction......Page 354
G.4 Elastic Displacement Spectrum with Equivalent Viscous Damping for DDBD......Page 356
H.1 Damped Free Vibration System......Page 360
H.2 Damped Vibration with Dynamic Forcing Function......Page 361
H.3 Structural Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes......Page 363
H.4 Multiple-Mode Response Spectrum Analysis......Page 364
Appendix I: Polynomial Curve Fitting......Page 369
Appendix J: Plate Element Stiffness Matrix......Page 375
References......Page 379
Index......Page 383