Sediment transport a geophysical phenomenon

Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
1.1 Why a new book on sediment transport......Page 13
1.2.1 A definition of the sediment transport......Page 16
1.2.2 The parameters......Page 17
1.3 The topography of a drainage area......Page 24
1.4 Modeling the phenomenon......Page 26
2 The classical representation of the sediment transport......Page 30
2.1 The representation of the flow......Page 31
2.1.1 The Reynolds decomposition......Page 32
2.1.2 The flow equations......Page 33
2.1.3 The velocity distribution and the influence of the roughness......Page 34
2.2.1 Du Bois' description of the bed-load......Page 40
2.2.2 Meyer-Peter's and similar descriptions of bed-load......Page 41
3.1 The incipient motion......Page 44
3.1.1 The forces acting on a single grain......Page 47
3.2.1 A first statistical formula......Page 49
3.2.2 Einstein's bed-load formula......Page 50
3.2.3 The concept of Grass......Page 53
3.2.4 The concept of coherent structures......Page 54
3.3 Transport in suspension......Page 60
3.3.1 A suspended particle in a turbulent flow......Page 61
3.3.3 The transport of suspension as described by a continuum mechanical model......Page 66
3.4 The total sediment transport......Page 76
3.5.1 Form drag......Page 80
3.5.4 The universality of a sediment transport equation?......Page 81
4.1 Sediment transport as a dynamical process......Page 83
4.2.2 Momentum arguments......Page 85
4.2.3 Energy arguments......Page 87
4.3 The expanded description of Grass......Page 90
4.4 Limitations......Page 92
5.1 Assumptions and consequences of rheological nature......Page 94
5.1.1 Influence of colloidal forces......Page 96
5.1.2 The influence of Brownian motions......Page 97
5.1.3 The influence of the viscosity......Page 98
5.1.4 Rheological aspects of two-phase flows with a large grain size distribution......Page 100
5.2 Non-local properties of the flow field......Page 102
5.2.1 Non-local properties of the flow field without sediment......Page 103
5.2.2 Non-local properties of a sediment laden flow field......Page 106
5.3 Nonlinear processes......Page 109
6.1 The river as a system and its hydrological scales......Page 115
6.2 The scaling of the turbulent flow......Page 116
6.2.1 The statistical scales of the turbulent flow......Page 117
6.2.2 Elements of large scales......Page 125
6.2.3 Higher moments of the fluctuations and related scales......Page 127
6.2.4 Structure functions......Page 130
6.2.5 The scales of the coherent structures......Page 131
6.2.6 The quadrant representation......Page 136
6.2.7 Some remarks on the energy equation and the pressure field......Page 137
7.1 Similarity consideration in the range of constant wall shear stress......Page 141
7.2 Sand roughness......Page 143
7.3 d-Roughness......Page 145
7.4 Real roughness......Page 147
8.1 Flow separation......Page 150
8.2 Basics in topology......Page 152
8.3.1 The closed separation bubble......Page 157
8.3.2 The open separation bubble......Page 158
8.3.3 Separations on 3D obstacles......Page 160
8.4 Vortex tubes and vortex interactions......Page 163
9.1 Stable beds and incipient motion......Page 167
9.2 Sediment stripes as a bed form......Page 172
9.3 The arrowhead, like bed forms......Page 174
9.4 The ripple formation......Page 175
9.4.1 The separation concept......Page 176
9.4.2 The relation between ripples and coherent structures......Page 177
9.4.3 The ripple formation mechanism......Page 178
9.4.4 Alternative concepts of a ripple formation......Page 184
9.4.5 The flow resistance of ripples......Page 186
9.4.6 The importance of ripple formations......Page 187
9.5 Dunes of fine-sand......Page 188
9.5.1 The feedback mechanisms......Page 189
9.5.2 The development of dunes as described in the literature......Page 192
9.5.3 An attempt to find a statistical theory for dunes......Page 196
9.5.4 A vortex shedding theory......Page 200
9.5.5 Asymptotic behavior of dunes......Page 201
9.6 Antidunes......Page 204
10.1.1 State of the art......Page 205
10.1.2 A hypothetical armoring mechanism......Page 208
10.3 Sediment transport dominated by separation......Page 209
10.4 Induced secondary flows......Page 212
10.5 Bed forms due to sorting effects......Page 216
10.5.1 Coarse dunes......Page 217
10.5.2 Bed forms resulting from secondary flows......Page 218
10.5.3 Additional bed forms......Page 222
11.1 Transport processes on gravel beds......Page 224
11.2 Separation versus turbulence......Page 227
11.3 Bed forms in gravel beds......Page 228
11.4 Complexity and outlooks......Page 229
11.4.2 The morphological concept......Page 230
11.4.3 The equal mobility approach......Page 231
12 Data and strategies to calculate sediment transport......Page 232
12.1 The input parameters......Page 234
12.1.1 The description of a channel......Page 235
12.1.2 The flow parameters......Page 236
12.2 Coherent structures......Page 245
12.3 Turbulent flows......Page 247
12.4.1 Flow separations at a roughness or a 3D obstacle......Page 248
12.4.2 Flow separation at bed forms......Page 251
12.5.1 Washload......Page 252
12.6 The significance of experiments for the simulations......Page 254
B......Page 255
C......Page 257
D......Page 258
F......Page 259
G......Page 260
H......Page 261
K......Page 263
L......Page 264
M......Page 265
P......Page 267
S......Page 268
T......Page 270
W......Page 271
Z......Page 272
14.1 Albert Einstein's letter of recommendation for his son......Page 273
14.2.1 Table of physical values......Page 275
14.2.2 Tables of sediment characterization......Page 277
14.3.1 The graphs for the Einstein sediment transport method with a guide for the usage of Einstein's method......Page 278
14.4 Symbols......Page 281
F......Page 284
P......Page 285
W......Page 286