Security for Debt in Ancient Near Eastern Law (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East)

SECURITY FOR DEBT IN ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN LAW......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Raymond Westbrook, Introduction......Page 10
Note on Legal Terminology......Page 12
Edward Tomlinson, Comparative Historical Perspectives......Page 14
I. Development of Creditors' Remedies in Medieval England......Page 15
II. Bankruptcy as a Creditor's Remedy......Page 18
1. The Debtor's Property as Security......Page 23
2. Information as a Security Device......Page 30
3. Spreading Risk as a Security Device: Sureties and Letters of Credit......Page 35
IV. Conclusion......Page 39
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 41
Richard Jasnow, Pre-Demotic Pharaonic Sources......Page 44
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 53
Piotr Steinkeller, The Ur III Period......Page 56
Appendix: DOCUMENTATION......Page 65
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 71
I. Pledge......Page 72
1.1. Terminology......Page 73
1.2. Formation......Page 74
1.4. Non-performing Antichretic Pledges......Page 75
1.5. Antichretic Interest without Pledge?......Page 76
1.6. Termination......Page 79
1.7.1. Redemption......Page 81
1.7.2. Release......Page 83
2. Hypothecary Pledges......Page 85
2. Terminology......Page 88
4. Regress......Page 90
5. Purpose......Page 91
III. Joint Liability......Page 92
IV. Distraint......Page 93
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 100
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 101
1. Text Corpus and Historical Context......Page 102
2. Evidence on Security......Page 105
3. Cumulation of Security......Page 107
4. Conditioning Factors......Page 109
1.1. qātātum and ša qātātim......Page 113
1.2. izēzum and šazzuztum......Page 115
1.3. apālum......Page 116
2. Guarantor and. Creditor......Page 117
2.1. "Gestellungsbürgschaft"......Page 118
2.2. Paying for the debtor......Page 121
2.3. Other duties......Page 123
2.4. The meaning of ana ša qātātim tadānum......Page 124
3. Guarantor and Debtor......Page 129
3.1. Risks and protection......Page 130
3.2. Regress......Page 132
3.3. The debt-note......Page 133
III. Pledge......Page 134
1.2. erubbātum and erābnm......Page 135
1.3. Some verbs......Page 137
2. Occurrences and items pledged......Page 140
3. Hypothecary or Possessory Pledge......Page 146
4. Default, Seizure, Forfeiture, and Foreclosure......Page 151
1. Joint Liability......Page 157
2. Borrowing by the Creditor......Page 161
3. Distraint......Page 163
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 165
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 166
I. Introduction......Page 170
II. The Sources......Page 171
III. Typology......Page 175
IV. Guarantor and Joint Liability......Page 180
V. Instruments of Security......Page 183
VI. Maturity and Default......Page 193
VII. Other Measures to Satisfy the Creditor......Page 198
VIII. A Socio-Economic Analysis of Middle Assyrian Security......Page 199
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 204
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 205
Appendices A-G......Page 208
A: List of Middle Assyrian Loan Documents......Page 210
B: List of Middle Assyrian Promissory Notes Recording Loans......Page 217
C: References to Obligations in Various Contracts......Page 218
D: Typology of the Middle Assyrian Loan Documents......Page 221
E: Terminology of Property Liens other than Pledge in the Middle Assyrian Loan Documents......Page 226
F: The Terminology of  Pledge in the Middle Assyrian Loan Documents......Page 228
G: The Redemption-Clause in the Middle Assyrian Loan Documents......Page 230
Carlo Zaccagnini, Nuzi......Page 232
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 245
I. Pledge and Surety......Page 246
II. Antichresis......Page 256
Abbreviations......Page 258
Bibliogaraphy......Page 259
I. Introduction......Page 260
1. Terminology......Page 261
2. Protection of debtors......Page 263
III. Results of Delinquency......Page 265
1. Individual redemption of land (ge'ulah)......Page 267
3. Collective redemption of debts......Page 268
5. Jubilee: Regularized Dror......Page 269
V. Conclusion......Page 270
Bibliogarphy......Page 272
I. Prolegomena......Page 274
II. Prior Arrangement......Page 275
1. Suretyship......Page 276
2. Pledge......Page 278
1. Persistency......Page 281
2. Going to court......Page 282
3. Appeal to the king......Page 284
1.1. Calling in debts......Page 285
1.2. datio in solutum......Page 286
1.3. Third party aid......Page 288
1.4. Debt slavery......Page 289
2. Mechanisms for the discharge of debts......Page 293
Bibliography......Page 296
I. Introduction......Page 298
1. The Archive of Bēl-ušallim......Page 301
2. The Archive of Sin-uballiṭ, son of Sin-zēru-lîšir......Page 303
3. The so-called Nabû-ušallim Archive......Page 306
1.1. Identity of the Surety......Page 308
1.2. Typology......Page 309
2.1. Objects Pledged......Page 310
2.2. Nature of Pledge......Page 311
Abbreviations......Page 312
Bibliography......Page 313
I. Introduction......Page 316
II. Terms Used in Loan Contracts......Page 318
III. Types of Loans and the Development of Legal Clauses......Page 320
Loans in the context of marriage agreements......Page 322
IV. Types of Security......Page 323
V. Conclusions......Page 332
Bibliography......Page 334
I. Method......Page 336
II. Typology......Page 337
III. Default......Page 340
IV. Ancient and Modern......Page 345
Bibliography......Page 349
Indices......Page 350
I. Sources......Page 352
II. Terms......Page 366