Second International Handbook of Internet Research

Preface......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
About the Editors......Page 13
Contributors......Page 15
Part I: Foundations......Page 19
1 Introduction: Foundations......Page 20
About This Volume......Page 21
Foundations Section......Page 22
2 Science and Medicine on YouTube......Page 24
What Is YouTube?......Page 26
Theoretical and Methodological Challenges Posed by YouTube......Page 27
YouTube and Scholarly Communication......Page 30
Science Communication Via YouTube......Page 32
Health and Medicine on YouTube......Page 37
Outlook......Page 39
References......Page 41
3 Spatial Analysis Meets Internet Research......Page 45
Introduction......Page 46
Review of the Literature......Page 49
Spatial Analysis and Internet Studies......Page 50
Tools for Spatial Analysis......Page 53
Methods in Spatial Statistics......Page 56
Conclusion......Page 57
References......Page 59
4 Collaboration Between Social Sciences and Computer Science: Toward a Cross-Disciplinary Methodology for Studying Big Social .........Page 63
Problems for Researchers in the Social Sciences......Page 67
Analyzing Online Communities: A Methodology at the Crossroads of Social Sciences and Computer Science......Page 69
Putting Forward a Hybrid Methodology: Critical Review and Conclusions......Page 74
References......Page 76
5 Big Social Data Approaches in Internet Studies: The Case of Twitter......Page 80
Introduction: ``Big Data´´ and the Computational Turn......Page 81
Twitter as a Source of ``Big Social Data´´......Page 83
Doing ``Big Social Data´´ Research......Page 87
The Precarity of ``Big Social Data´´ in a Proprietary Environment......Page 89
Conclusion: But Do We Need ``Big Data´´?......Page 92
References......Page 94
6 [Dis]connected Households: Transnational Family Life in the Age of Mobile Internet......Page 97
Introduction......Page 98
The Face of the Filipino Household in a Neoliberal Society......Page 100
Transnational Continuities and Ruptures Through Mobile Connectivity......Page 102
Methods of Investigation......Page 104
Moving in/Through Mobile Media......Page 105
Affective Surveillance......Page 108
Tactical Connectivity......Page 110
Concluding Thoughts: A Boon or Bane?......Page 113
References......Page 114
7 How Computer Networks Became Social......Page 118
Introduction: Rise of the Networks......Page 119
Social Networking on the Internet Before Social Networking Services......Page 120
Social Network Analysis......Page 122
It´s a Smaller World After All: SNA Meets SNS......Page 124
Castells´ Network Society......Page 126
Social Networking: Network Society in Miniature......Page 127
Individualized Spaces of Flows......Page 129
Personal Timeless Time......Page 130
Friends in Translation: An ANT Approach to SNSs......Page 131
Facebook as Theatre, Oligopticon, and Panorama......Page 134
Conclusion......Page 135
References......Page 136
8 Lessons from Internet Art About Life with the Internet......Page 139
Introduction......Page 140
Internet Art......Page 141
Public Sphere and Community......Page 147
Mediation......Page 150
Identity......Page 151
Spatiotemporality......Page 153
Conclusion......Page 154
References......Page 155
9 Logics and Legacy of Anonymous......Page 156
The Formation and Mutations of Anonymous......Page 159
The Logics and Legacy of Anonymous......Page 169
Conclusion......Page 174
References......Page 176
10 Digital Folklore......Page 178
Introduction: The Folklore of the Digital......Page 179
Of Jokes and Jargons: Toward Digital Folklore......Page 180
Digital Folklore: Four Perspectives......Page 182
On the Web: The Folklore of the Internet......Page 183
From Below: Vernacular Creativity......Page 185
By Users, for Users: Digital Folk Art......Page 187
Through Contagion: Memes and Memetics......Page 189
Conclusion: Folklore After the Digital......Page 191
References......Page 192
Introduction......Page 195
Conclusion......Page 204
References......Page 205
12 Combating the Live-Streaming of Child Sexual Abuse and Sexual Exploitation: A Need for New Legislation......Page 211
Introduction......Page 212
The Internet and the Sexual Abuse and Sexual Exploitation of Children......Page 213
UN Approach......Page 214
COE Approach......Page 216
EU Approach......Page 218
Italian Example......Page 219
Swedish Example......Page 220
US Example......Page 221
The Sufficiency of Existing Instruments......Page 222
A Need for New Legislation......Page 225
Conclusions......Page 230
References......Page 231
13 Feminized Digital Sociality and Online Philanthropy......Page 234
Part I......Page 235
Part II......Page 236
Part III......Page 237
The Internet/Digital as a Potentially Global Socio-Political Space......Page 238
Feminized Sociality and Online Philanthropy......Page 239
Philanthropy and Affective Labor......Page 240
Case Studies......Page 242
References......Page 245
14 Networks of Change: The Sociology of Network Media......Page 247
What Is a Network?......Page 250
What Is Not a Network?......Page 252
What Are Network Media?......Page 254
What Is a Network Society?......Page 257
Individualism in a Connected World......Page 260
Soft Individualism......Page 262
The Spiral of Silence and Context Collapse......Page 264
Network: An Intensified Form of Mediatization......Page 267
References......Page 268
15 Critical Internet Studies......Page 270
Introduction: Internet Studies......Page 271
To Be Critical.........Page 274
Some Mutually Constructed Problems of Critical Internet Studies......Page 279
Critical Internet Studies?......Page 280
References......Page 284
16 Degree Programs in Internet Studies or Internet Research......Page 287
17 List of Research Centers or Institutes in Internet Studies/Internet Research......Page 309
Name: Internet Governance Lab......Page 310
Name: Digital Methods Initiative......Page 311
Name: Internet Interdisciplinary Institute (IN3)......Page 312
Publications......Page 313
Research Projects......Page 314
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 317
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 318
Name: Centre for Postdigital Cultures......Page 319
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 320
Name: The Cyber Law Program of the Cyber Security Research Center (H-CSRCL)......Page 321
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 322
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 323
Publications......Page 325
Name: Center for Information Policy Research (UW-Milwaukee)......Page 326
Name: Laboratory of Computer-Mediated Communication (LabCMO)......Page 327
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 328
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 329
Project......Page 330
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 331
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 332
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 333
Name: QUT Digital Media Research Centre......Page 334
Name: Center for Information Technology and Society......Page 335
Name: Digital Society Network......Page 336
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 337
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 338
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 339
Recent Projects or Publications......Page 340
18 Researching Affordances......Page 342
The Concept of Affordances......Page 344
Conceptual Developments......Page 345
Researching Affordances......Page 347
Closing Remark......Page 352
References......Page 353
19 Telephone Interviewing as a Qualitative Methodology for Researching Cyberinfrastructure and Virtual Organizations......Page 355
Cyberinfrastructure Methodologies......Page 357
Practical Challenges......Page 358
Practical Benefits......Page 359
Study 1: TeraGrid......Page 360
Recruit in Person or Online......Page 361
Build Trust......Page 362
Customize Prescripted Questions......Page 363
Lessons Learned About Telephone Interviewing......Page 364
Persuasion to Participate......Page 365
Neutralizing Assumed Privilege......Page 366
Conclusion......Page 367
References......Page 368
20 What Media Logics Can Tell Us About the Internet?......Page 370
Introduction: Between Techno-Optimism and Normalization......Page 371
Media Logics......Page 372
Media Logics Online......Page 373
Network Media Logics of Production......Page 374
Network Media Logics of Distribution......Page 375
Network Media Logics of Media Usage......Page 377
Media Logics and Mediatization......Page 378
Media Logics and Hybridity......Page 379
Conclusion......Page 380
References......Page 381
21 An Obscure Object of Communicational Desire: The Untold Story of Online Chat......Page 384
Introduction: Historicizing a Media of ``Real Time´´......Page 385
Hacks......Page 387
MUDs and BBSs......Page 388
BITNET Relay......Page 389
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)......Page 391
Platformization......Page 392
Chat as a Practice: Between Desire and Repression......Page 393
Conclusion......Page 394
References......Page 395
22 Diversity: The Military´s Representation of Diversity on Social Media......Page 398
Diversity......Page 399
The Importance of Diversity in Military Organizations......Page 401
The Importance of Social Media for Military Organizations......Page 402
Case: The Canadian Armed Forces´ Diversity Tweets......Page 403
Data......Page 404
Discussion......Page 409
Conclusion......Page 411
References......Page 413
23 Privacy and the Ethics of Disability Research: Changing Perceptions of Privacy and Smartphone Use......Page 416
Introduction......Page 417
Digital Disability: Smartphones as Assistive Technology......Page 418
Disability and Privacy......Page 421
Ethical Considerations in Research......Page 423
Conclusion......Page 428
References......Page 429
24 From Technological Issue to Military-Diplomatic Affairs: Analysis of China´s Official Cybersecurity Discourse (1994-2016)......Page 433
Introduction......Page 434
Content Analysis......Page 435
Critical Discourse Analysis......Page 436
Content Analysis......Page 437
1994-2000......Page 439
2001-2010......Page 440
2011-2016......Page 441
References......Page 443
25 Online Field Theory......Page 446
Introduction......Page 447
Definition......Page 449
Field Theory Is Deterministic......Page 450
Field Theory Adds an Unnecessary Analytical Level to Reality......Page 451
Actors......Page 452
Social Network Analysis......Page 453
Agency......Page 454
Boundaries......Page 456
Applied Research into Online Fields: Web 1.0......Page 457
Agency......Page 458
Analysis......Page 460
Agency......Page 461
Analysis......Page 462
Agency......Page 463
Analysis......Page 464
References......Page 465
26 Digital Activism Within Post-Fordism: Interventions Between Assimilation and Exclusion......Page 469
Introduction......Page 470
Barriers to Effective Critique Within Post-Fordism......Page 471
Tactical Media and Hacktivism......Page 474
Tactic One: Blocking Information Flows to Hegemonic Networks......Page 477
Tactic Two: Hijacking and Reprogramming Powerful Networks......Page 479
Tactic Three: Critical Mapping as the Production of Networks of Counterpower......Page 481
Tactical Media, Transience, and Duration......Page 483
References......Page 486
27 Historical Web as a Tool for Analyzing Social Change......Page 489
Introduction......Page 490
Selecting Archives for Analysis......Page 492
Accessing and Analyzing Archives......Page 495
Major Findings......Page 496
The Use of ``Web Spheres´´......Page 497
Analyzing Web-Specific Phenomena......Page 498
Exploring ``Old Media´´ Online......Page 499
Analyzing an Entire National Web Domain......Page 500
Outlook......Page 501
References......Page 503
28 Research Programs as a Tool to Map Internet Studies......Page 505
Internet Studies as a Multidisciplinary Field......Page 507
Conceptualizing Research Programs......Page 508
Identifying the Research Programs......Page 509
Discussion......Page 511
Assumptions about the Actor......Page 512
Theories: An Overview......Page 513
Methodology......Page 514
Discussion......Page 515
Aim of Knowledge......Page 516
Self-Determination Theory......Page 517
Some Social and Organizational Theories......Page 518
Discussion......Page 519
Origins......Page 520
Uses and Gratification Theory......Page 521
Diffusion of Innovations......Page 522
Discussion......Page 523
Findings......Page 524
Merits......Page 525
References......Page 526
29 Affect and the Expression of Emotions on the Internet: An Overview of Current Research......Page 529
Introduction......Page 530
Affect and Internet Research: Key Questions and Methodological Issues......Page 532
Frameworks in the Study of Emotions on the Internet......Page 534
Affordances and Emotional Dynamics on Social Networking Sites......Page 536
Emotions as a Driver of News Sharing and Virality......Page 537
Protests in the Emotional Public Sphere......Page 540
Conclusion and Future Directions......Page 541
References......Page 542
30 Big Data Goes to Hollywood: The Emergence of Big Data as a Tool in the American Film Industry......Page 548
Introduction......Page 549
``Big Data,´´ ``Hollywood,´´ and the Importance of the Opening Weekend......Page 550
Predicting Future Box Office with Big Data......Page 552
Advantages and Limitations......Page 556
Benefits and Tensions of Big Data for Hollywood......Page 559
Conclusion and Future Research......Page 561
References......Page 564
31 Research Ethics, Vulnerability, and Trust on the Internet......Page 567
Introduction......Page 568
Ethical Particularities of Internet Research......Page 569
Who Is Vulnerable, What Is Sensitive?......Page 570
Problems with Existing Research Ethics Guidance......Page 571
Alternatives......Page 572
Relations......Page 574
Conclusion......Page 578
References......Page 579
Part II: Futures......Page 582
32 Futures Introduction......Page 583
The Chapters......Page 584
33 Fuzzy Limits: Researching Discourse in the Internet with Corpora......Page 586
Introduction......Page 587
Quantitative Methodologies and Corpus Linguistics......Page 590
Mixed Methodologies: CADS......Page 593
Redefining Units of Study......Page 595
Redefining the Importance of Texts......Page 596
Conclusions......Page 599
References......Page 600
34 Paradoxes of the Cyber Party: The Changing Organizational Design of the British Labour Party......Page 603
Introduction......Page 604
Below the Radar: The High-Tech Big Data Ground Campaign......Page 605
Breaking Boundaries: The Person-to-Person Campaign......Page 609
The Changing Design of the Labour Party......Page 612
Conclusion......Page 615
References......Page 617
35 Smart Contracts as Evidence: Trust, Records, and the Future of Decentralized Transactions......Page 620
Introduction......Page 622
Contract Governance and Distinctions......Page 626
Recordkeeping Principles and Statutes......Page 628
Theories of Evidence......Page 630
Statutes and Regulation Case Study......Page 632
IRS Case Study......Page 634
Conclusion......Page 635
References......Page 637
36 Legislating for Internet ``Access´´-ability......Page 640
Introduction......Page 641
The Need for Recognition as a Separate Right......Page 642
International Obligations......Page 645
Domestic Implementations of a Right of Access......Page 647
Judicial Considerations of Access to the Internet......Page 648
Universal Service Obligations......Page 653
Policy Suggestions......Page 655
Conclusion......Page 657
References......Page 658
37 Blended Data: Critiquing and Complementing Social Media Datasets, Big and Small......Page 662
Why Blended Data?......Page 665
From Big to Blended: Provocations and Responses......Page 666
Big Data Changes the Definition of Knowledge......Page 667
Claims to Objectivity and Accuracy Are Misleading......Page 669
Bigger Data Are Not Always Better Data......Page 671
Taken Out of Context, Big Data Loses Its Meaning......Page 673
Just because It Is Accessible Does Not Make It Ethical......Page 675
Limited Access to Big Data Creates New Digital Divides......Page 678
Conclusion......Page 679
References......Page 680
38 Cryptographic Media......Page 684
Encryption......Page 687
Obfuscation and Hiding......Page 689
Code......Page 691
Language......Page 694
Epistemology......Page 695
References......Page 696
39 Disguised Propaganda from Digital to Social Media......Page 699
Propaganda and Media......Page 700
Propaganda and Digital Media......Page 702
Disguised Propaganda: Obfuscated and Impersonated Forms......Page 703
Disguised Propaganda in Digital Media......Page 705
Disguised Propaganda on Social Media......Page 708
Countering Disguised Propaganda on Social Media......Page 711
References......Page 713
40 Today´s Internet for Tomorrow´s Cities: On Algorithmic Culture and Urban Imaginaries......Page 716
Introduction......Page 717
The Rise of Urban Science......Page 719
Algorithmic Culture......Page 723
Urban Imaginaries......Page 727
Conclusions......Page 733
References......Page 734
41 New Media, Religion, and Politics: A Comparative Investigation into the Dialogue Between the Religious and the Secular in F.........Page 738
Introduction......Page 739
To Put into Question the Secularization Thesis: The Social Significance of Religion in our Contemporary Societies......Page 741
Visibility of Religion´s Social Place in the Digital Age Through the Lens of some Major Theoretical Perspectives......Page 744
Comparative Investigation of Religion´s Social Place in Two Distinct Societies, French and Vietnamese Ones......Page 746
Public Manifestation of Religious Sentiment after the Terrorist Attacks in Paris on November 13, 2015......Page 747
Sociopolitical Impacts of the Religiously Informed Land Dispute Between Catholic Church and Government in Vietnam 2008-2009......Page 750
Discussions: Could Sacred Forms Be a Perspective of Dialogue Between the Religious and the Secular in Our Contemporary Complex.........Page 752
Conclusion......Page 753
References......Page 754
42 Big Capta?......Page 757
Introduction......Page 758
A Few Other Problems with Data......Page 762
The Other Modes of Information......Page 765
Sumpta as Capta......Page 767
Capta as Critique of ``Data´´: Discussion......Page 768
Critiques of Capta: Discussion......Page 769
Big Capta?......Page 770
Conclusions......Page 771
References......Page 772
43 Digitally Researching Islam......Page 775
Introduction......Page 776
Perspectives on the Internet as an Object of Study......Page 777
Islam and Internet Research......Page 778
Conclusion......Page 785
References......Page 787
44 How to Compare Different Social Media: A Conceptual and Technical Framework......Page 789
Introduction......Page 790
The Outline......Page 791
Existing Studies of Use Across Social Media Platforms......Page 792
Theoretical Approach......Page 793
Conceptual Approach......Page 794
Methodological Approach......Page 796
Technical Approach......Page 798
Conclusion......Page 801
References......Page 803
45 Nexus Analysis as a Framework for Internet Studies......Page 805
Introduction......Page 806
Nexus Analysis as Discourse Analytic Framework......Page 807
The Concept of Discourse......Page 809
Mediated Action and Mediational Means......Page 810
Site of Engagement......Page 811
The Concept of Practice in MDA......Page 812
Nexus of Practice (NoP)......Page 813
Discourse Cycle......Page 814
Historical Body......Page 815
Discourses in Place......Page 816
Methodology: How to Conduct a Nexus Analysis......Page 817
Phase 1: Engaging the NoP: Data Collection and Typical Data......Page 818
Phase 2: Navigating the NoP......Page 819
Phase 3: Changing the NoP......Page 820
Conclusions......Page 821
References......Page 822
46 Ethics of Social Media Research: State of the Debate and Future Challenges......Page 825
Introduction......Page 826
Ethics of Internet Research......Page 827
Public, Private, Privacy......Page 829
Group Privacy......Page 830
Digital Footprints and Traceability......Page 831
Informed Consent......Page 832
Anonymization......Page 834
Presence (Researcher in the Field)......Page 836
Institutional Review Board......Page 837
Big Data......Page 838
Tools......Page 839
Storage......Page 840
Crowdsourcing Platforms......Page 841
Conclusions......Page 842
References......Page 843
47 Deep Data: Analyzing Power and Influence in Social Media Networks......Page 847
Introduction......Page 848
History and Concepts......Page 850
Actors, Agency, and Context......Page 852
Rights, Responsibilities, and Ethics......Page 855
Political Economics......Page 857
Broader Sociological Research......Page 858
Methods, Tools, and Practices......Page 860
Looking Ahead......Page 863
References......Page 864
48 Embedded Ideology of Technical Media: Rethinking Subjectivities Within a Second-Order Cybernetics......Page 868
Cybernetic Media Theory......Page 869
The Cybernetic Subject......Page 871
The Interface Effect of Technical Media......Page 873
An Archaeology of Technical Media......Page 874
Turning Us All into Pirates......Page 876
Participation, Access, and Agency......Page 877
References......Page 881
49 Convergence, Internet, and Net Neutrality Policy: What the Future Holds for the Internet and Online Content......Page 882
Convergence, Communications Industries, and Net Neutrality......Page 883
Implications of Convergence......Page 886
Communications Policy Development and Trends......Page 889
Net Neutrality Policies and the Cases of the USA, UK, and EU......Page 893
Conclusion: What the Future Holds for the Internet and Online Content......Page 897
References......Page 899
50 Affective Flux of Feminist Digital Collectives, or What Happened to the Women´s March of 2017......Page 903
Theories of Flesh and Machine......Page 905
The Network Society and Social Change......Page 906
Cyberfeminism and the Third Wave......Page 908
The Women´s March of 2017, the Fractured Mass......Page 910
The ``Real´´ Trump Effect......Page 912
Oh, Audrey. . .......Page 913
January 21, 2017, and Beyond......Page 918
Appendix......Page 920
References......Page 921
51 The Future of Crowdsourcing Through Games......Page 922
Introduction......Page 923
What Is Crowdsourcing?......Page 925
What Is Collective Intelligence?......Page 927
Games Can Optimize the Strengths of People Alongside the Strengths of Technology......Page 929
Drawbacks......Page 930
What Is the Best Name for These Types of Games?......Page 931
Categories of Games Explained and Examples of Games......Page 932
Knowledge Games Typology......Page 936
ARTigo......Page 938
Conclusion......Page 939
References......Page 940
52 Big Data Approaches to the Study of Digital Media......Page 943
Big Data and Research on New Information and Communication Technologies......Page 944
Facebook......Page 946
Twitter......Page 950
Wikipedia......Page 952
Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 955
References......Page 960
Introduction......Page 964
Survivance: A Story of Many Meanings......Page 966
Conclusion......Page 977
References......Page 978
54 Identity, Difference, and Social Technology......Page 979
Who Puts the Social into the Socio-Technical?......Page 980
Political Identity and Difference......Page 984
Analytical Identity and Difference......Page 986
Infinitesimal Identity and Difference......Page 989
Conclusion......Page 990
References......Page 991
55 Constitutive Surveillance and Social Media......Page 994
Introduction......Page 995
Constitutive Surveillance......Page 997
Economic Surveillance......Page 1001
Political Surveillance......Page 1004
Lateral Surveillance......Page 1007
Oppositional Surveillance......Page 1009
Conclusion......Page 1011
References......Page 1012
56 Lifelogging: Recording Life Patterns Tied to Daily Internet Usage......Page 1016
Introduction......Page 1017
Conventional Sampling Methods for Daily Life Studies......Page 1018
New Methods Supported by Mobile Technology......Page 1020
Case Study: Using Mobile Phone Logs to Study Social Media Domestication......Page 1022
Ethical and Privacy Concerns......Page 1027
Conclusion......Page 1032
References......Page 1033
Index......Page 1036