Seaweed ecology and physiology

Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Dedication
Table of contents
Contributors
Preface
1
Seaweed thalli and cells
	1.1 Introduction: the algae and their environments
		1.1.1 Seaweeds
		1.1.2 Environmental-factor interactions
		1.1.3 Laboratory culture versus field experiments
	1.2 Seaweed morphology and anatomy
		1.2.1 Thallus construction
		1.2.2 The Littler functional-form model
		1.2.3 Unitary, clonal, and coalescing seaweeds, and modular construction
	1.3 Seaweed cells
		1.3.1 Cell walls
		1.3.2 Cytoplasmic organelles
			Plastids
		1.3.3 Cytoskeleton and flagella apparatus
		1.3.4 Cell growth
		1.3.5 Cell division
	1.4 Molecular biology and genetics
		1.4.1 Advances in seaweed molecular biology
		1.4.2 Seaweed genetics
		1.4.3 Nucleocytoplasmic interactions
	1.5 Synopsis
2 Life histories, reproduction, and morphogenesis
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Theme and variations
	2.3 Environmental factors in life histories
		2.3.1 Seasonal anticipators and responders
		2.3.2 Temperature
		2.3.3 Light: photoperiod and wavelength
		2.3.4 Other factors
	2.4 Fertilization biology
	2.5 Settlement, attachment, and establishment
		2.5.1 Settlement
		2.5.2 Attachment
		2.5.3 Establishment
	2.6 Thallus morphogenesis
		2.6.1 Cell differentiation
		2.6.2 Development of the adult form
		2.6.3 Seaweed growth substances
		2.6.4 Wound healing and regeneration
	2.7 Synopsis
3 Seaweed communities
	3.1 Intertidal zonation patterns
		3.1.1 Tides
		3.1.2 Vertical zonation on intertidal rocky shores
		3.1.3 Factors controlling vertical zonation
	3.2 Subtidal zonation on rocky shores
	3.3 Seaweed communities
		3.3.1 Tropical
		3.3.2 Temperate
		3.3.3 Polar
		3.3.4 Tide pools
		3.3.5 Estuaries and salt marshes
		3.3.6 Deep-water seaweeds
		3.3.7 Floating seaweeds
		3.3.8 Other seaweed habitats and communities
	3.4 Invasive seaweeds
	3.5 Community analysis
		3.5.1 Vegetation analysis
		3.5.2 Population dynamics
	3.6 Synopsis
4 Biotic interactions
	4.1 Foundation species and facilitation
	4.2 Competition
		4.2.1 Interference competition
		4.2.2 Epibionts and allelopathy
		4.2.3 Exploitative competition
	4.3 Grazing
		4.3.1 Impact of grazing on community structure and zonation
		4.3.2 Seaweed-herbivore interactions
	4.4 Chemical ecology of seaweed-herbivore interactions
		4.4.1 Bioactive chemicals
		4.4.2 Chemical defenses against grazers
	4.5 Symbiosis
		4.5.1 Mutualistic relationships
		4.5.2 Seaweed endophytes
		4.5.3 Kleptoplasty
	4.6 Synopsis
5 Light and photosynthesis
	5.1 An overview of photosynthesis
	5.2 Irradiance
		5.2.1 Measuring irradiance
		5.2.2 Light in the oceans
	5.3 Light harvesting
		5.3.1 Plastids, pigments, and pigment-protein complexes
		5.3.2 Functional form in light trapping
		5.3.3 Photosynthesis at a range of irradiances
		5.3.4 Action spectra and testing the theory of complementary chromatic adaptation
	5.4 Carbon fixation: the "dark reactions"
of photosynthesis
		5.4.1 Inorganic carbon sources and uptake
		5.4.2 Photosynthetic pathways in seaweeds
		5.4.3 Light-independent carbon fixation
	5.5 Seaweed polysaccharides
		5.5.1 Storage polymers
		5.5.2 Wall matrix polysaccharides
		5.5.3 Polysaccharide synthesis
	5.6 Carbon translocation
	5.7 Photosynthetic rates and primary production
		5.7.1 Measurement of photosynthesis and respiration
		5.7.2 Intrinsic variation in photosynthesis
		5.7.3 Carbon losses
		5.7.4 Autecological models of productivity and carbon budgets
		5.7.5 Ecological impact of seaweed productivity
	5.8 Synopsis
6 Nutrients
	6.1 Nutrient requirements
		6.1.1 Essential elements
		6.1.2 Essential organics: vitamins
		6.1.3 Limiting nutrients
	6.2 Nutrient availability in seawater
	6.3 Pathways and barriers to ion entry
		6.3.1 Membrane structure and ion movement
		6.3.2 Movement to and through the membrane
		6.3.3 Passive transport
		6.3.4 Facilitated diffusion
		6.3.5 Active transport
	6.4 Nutrient-uptake kinetics
		6.4.1 Measurement of nutrient-uptake rates
		6.4.2 Factors affecting nutrient-uptake rates
	6.5 Uptake, assimilation, incorporation, and metabolic roles
		6.5.1 Nitrogen
		6.5.2 Phosphorus
		6.5.3 Calcium and magnesium
		6.5.4 Sulfur
		6.5.5 Iron
		6.5.6 Trace elements
	6.6 Long-distance transport (translocation)
	6.7 Growth kinetics
		6.7.1 Measurement of growth kinetics
		6.7.2 Growth kinetic parameters and tissue nutrients
	6.8 Effects of nutrient supply
		6.8.1 Surface-area:volume ratio and morphology
		6.8.2 Chemical composition and nutrient limitation
		6.8.3 Nutrient storage and nutrient availability
		6.8.4 Growth rate and distribution
		6.8.5 Effects of nutrient enrichment on community interactions
	6.9 Synopsis
7 Physico-chemical factors as environmental stressors in seaweed biology
	7.1 What is stress?
	7.2 Natural ranges of temperature and salinity
		7.2.1 Open coastal waters
		7.2.2 Estuaries and bays
		7.2.3 Intertidal zone
	7.3 Temperature effects
		7.3.1 Chemical reaction rates
		7.3.2 Metabolic rates
		7.3.3 Growth optima
		7.3.4 Temperature tolerance
		7.3.5 Physiological adaptation to changes in temperature
		7.3.6 Temperature tolerance in polar seaweeds
		7.3.7 El Niño
		7.3.8 Temperature and geographic distribution
	7.4 Biochemical and physiological effects of salinity
		7.4.1 Water potential
		7.4.2 Cell volume and osmotic control
		7.4.3 Effects of salinity changes on photosynthesis and growth
		7.4.4 Tolerance and acclimation to salinity
	7.5 Further stresses related to water potential: desiccation and freezing
		7.5.1 Desiccation
		7.5.2 Freezing
	7.6 Exposure to ultraviolet radiation
	7.7 Variation in seawater pH and community-based impacts of ocean acidification
	7.8 Interaction of stressors, oxidative stress, and cross adaptation
	7.9 Physiological stress indicators
	7.10 Synopsis
8 Water motion
	8.1 Water flow
		8.1.1 Currents
		8.1.2 Physical nature of waves
		8.1.3 Laminar and turbulent flow over surfaces
		8.1.4 Methods for measuring seawater flow and wave forces
	8.2 Water motion and biological processes
		8.2.1 Function and form in relation to resource acquisition
		8.2.2 Synchronization of gamete and spore release
	8.3 Wave-swept shores
		8.3.1 Biomechanical properties of seaweeds
		8.3.2 Wave action and other physical disturbances to populations
	8.4 Synopsis
9 Pollution
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 General aspects of pollution
	9.3 Metals
		9.3.1 Sources and forms
		9.3.2 Adsorption, uptake, accumulation, and biomonitors
		9.3.3 Mechanisms involving tolerance to toxicity
		9.3.4 Effects of metals on algal metabolism
		9.3.5 Factors affecting metal toxicity
		9.3.6 Ecological aspects
	9.4 Oil
		9.4.1 Fate of oil in the ocean
		9.4.2 Effects of oil on algal metabolism, life cycles, and communities
		9.4.3 Ecological aspects
	9.5 Synthetic organic chemicals
	9.6 Eutrophication
		9.6.1 Sewage effluent and impacts of nutrient enrichment on algal communities
		9.6.2 Sewage effluent and toxicity
		9.6.3 Other anthropogenic nutrient sources
	9.7 Radioactivity
	9.8 Thermal pollution
	9.9 Synopsis
10 Seaweed mariculture
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Pyropia/Porphyra mariculture
		10.2.1 Biology
		10.2.2 Cultivation
		10.2.3 Problems in Pyropia culture
		10.2.4 Future trends
	10.3 Saccharina/Laminaria for food and alginates
		10.3.1 Cultivation
		10.3.2 Utilization and future prospects
	10.4 Undaria for food
		10.4.1 Cultivation
		10.4.2 Food products and future trends
	10.5 Kappaphycus and Eucheuma for carrageenans
		10.5.1 Biology
		10.5.2 Cultivation
		10.5.3 Production, uses, and future prospects
	10.6 Gelidium and Gracilaria for agar
		10.6.1 Gelidium production and products
		10.6.2 Gracilaria production and products
	10.7 Tank cultivation
	10.8 Offshore/open-ocean cultivation
	10.9 Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and biomitigation
	10.10 Other uses of seaweeds
	10.11 Seaweed biotechnology: current status and future prospects
	10.12 Synopsis
References
Subject Index