Seasonal Patterns of Stress, Immune Function, and Disease

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Foreword......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
1.1. Introduction......Page 19
1.2. Geophysical Factors Leading to Seasonality......Page 27
1.3. Potential Environmental Cues for Synchronization of Seasonal Cycles......Page 30
1.3.1. Food Quality......Page 33
1.3.2. Food Quantity......Page 34
1.3.3. Water Availability......Page 36
1.3.4. Ambient Temperature......Page 38
1.3.5. Photoperiod......Page 39
1.4.1. Circadian Rhythms......Page 41
1.4.2. Circannual Rhythms......Page 44
1.5. Physiological Bases for Seasonal Cycles: Circadian Rhythms and Photoperiodism......Page 48
1.5.1. Reproductive Morphs......Page 51
1.5.2. Evolution of Photoperiodic Responsiveness......Page 52
1.6. Conclusions......Page 54
2.1. Introduction......Page 56
2.2.1. Innate Immunity......Page 60
2.2.2. Acquired Immunity......Page 61
2.3.2. Immune Cells......Page 63
2.3.3. Cytokines......Page 67
2.4. Assessment of Immune Function......Page 70
2.4.1. Lymphocyte Proliferation (or Blastogenesis)......Page 71
2.4.3. Skin Tests for Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH)......Page 72
2.4.4. Antibody and Cytokine Production......Page 73
2.5. Summary......Page 74
3.1. Introduction......Page 76
3.2. Disease Prevalence in Humans......Page 80
Parasite Infections......Page 82
Viral Infections......Page 83
Bacterial Infections......Page 85
3.2.2. Autoimmune Diseases......Page 88
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)......Page 89
3.2.3. Heart Disease and Stroke......Page 90
3.2.4. Cancers......Page 94
3.3.1. Viral and Bacterial Infections......Page 97
3.3.2. Parasite Infections......Page 99
3.4. Conclusions......Page 105
4.1. Introduction......Page 107
4.2. Seasonal Changes in Humans......Page 111
4.2.1. Cell-Mediated Immunity......Page 112
4.2.2. Humoral Immunity......Page 116
4.3. Seasonal Changes in Nonhuman Animals......Page 120
4.3.1. Gross Lymphatic Tissue......Page 121
Ectotherms......Page 122
Birds......Page 124
Mammals......Page 125
Mammals......Page 127
4.4. Conclusions......Page 131
5.1. Introduction......Page 133
External Coincidence Model......Page 136
Internal Coincidence Model......Page 138
5.1.3. Entrainment......Page 139
5.2. Pineal Gland and Photoperiodism......Page 141
5.3.1. Photoperiod and Immune Function......Page 145
5.3.2. Melatonin and Immune Function......Page 152
Melatonin and Immunoregulation......Page 154
Melatonin-Glucocorticoid Interaction and Immune Function......Page 159
Direct Actions of Melatonin on Immune Function......Page 160
Melatonin and Endogenous Opioids......Page 161
5.5. Melatonin and Cancer......Page 163
5.5.1. Melatonin and Disease: Clinical Implications......Page 167
5.6. Summary and Conclusions......Page 168
6.1. Introduction......Page 169
6.2. Stress and Immune Function......Page 172
6.2.1. Seasonal Changes in Stress Responses......Page 176
6.3.1. Limited Caloric Intake and Immune Function......Page 181
6.3.2. Limited Protein Intake and Immune Function......Page 183
6.3.3. Limited Fat Intake and Immune Function......Page 187
6.3.4. Limited Micronutrients and Immune Function......Page 188
6.3.5. Prolonged Exercise and Immune Function......Page 189
6.4.1. Indirect Studies of Energetics and Infection......Page 191
6.4.2. Temperature and Immune Function......Page 197
6.4.3. Social Factors and Immune Function......Page 199
6.4.4. Pregnancy and Immune Function......Page 201
6.4.6. Bacterial Infections......Page 203
6.4.8. Fungal Infections......Page 204
6.4.10. Migration and Immune Function......Page 205
6.5. Energy Restriction and Autoimmunity......Page 206
6.6. Summary......Page 207
7.1. Introduction......Page 208
7.1.1. Stress, the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis, and Immune Function......Page 210
HPA Influences on Immune Function......Page 214
Immune System Effects on the HPA Axis......Page 216
7.1.3. Immune Function and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Gonadal (HPG) Axis......Page 219
Sex Differences in Immune Function and Disease......Page 220
HPG Axis and Immune Function......Page 222
Immune System Effects on the HPG Axis......Page 225
PRL Effects on Immune Function......Page 226
Immune Effects on PRL......Page 227
Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Immune Parameters......Page 228
Immune Effects on the Thyroid......Page 229
GH Effects on Immune Function......Page 230
Immune Effects on GH......Page 231
7.1.7. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)......Page 232
7.1.8. Conclusions......Page 233
8.1. Introduction......Page 236
8.2. Climatic Stressors and Immune Function......Page 237
8.3.1. Individual Differences in the Stress Response......Page 241
8.3.3. Psychological Variables: Outlets for Frustration......Page 242
8.3.4. Psychological Variables: Loss of Predictability......Page 243
8.4.2. What will Studies have to Addressin the Future?......Page 248
References......Page 249
Index......Page 305