Sea Level Changes: Determination and Effects

Geophysical  Monograph Series......Page 1
GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES......Page 2
Sea Level Changes: Determination and Effects......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 9
FOREWORD......Page 10
RELATION  BETWEEN GLOSS, PSMSL AND ISLPP/NTA......Page 11
DATA PRODUCTS......Page 12
DISCUSSION OF RESLILTS......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 32
EOF COMPUTATIONS TO SUPPLEMENT THE GEODETIC METHOD......Page 33
EXAMPLE OF COMPUTATIONS......Page 35
CONCLUSIONS......Page 37
REFERENCES......Page 38
DATA......Page 39
Seasonal Variations  of Energy......Page 40
Effect of  Planetary Atmospheric Waves on the Adriatic Sea Level......Page 41
Winter 1988/89......Page 42
A SIMPLE  MODEL......Page 44
Air-Pressure Forcing in the Form of a Bell-Shaped Time Function......Page 46
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 47
REFERENCES......Page 48
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 50
I. The basic traces of circular   propagation of MSL during El Nino cycles......Page 51
11.Quasiperiodc and low-frequency oscillatioin           features of SSTI and MSL......Page 54
IV. The circularly  propagating         pattern of low-frequency variations of  MSL......Page 55
REFERENCES......Page 57
River Runoff......Page 59
Atmospheric        Pressure......Page 60
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS METHOD......Page 61
First Eigenfunction......Page 62
Second Eigenfunction......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 64
SEISMIC SURVEY AND RECORD ANALYSIS......Page 65
RESULTS......Page 66
REFERENCES......Page 70
Pseudo-Geoeletric Section AA '......Page 72
Pseudo- Geoelectric Section BB'......Page 74
True-Resistivity   Section A A '......Page 75
True-Resistivitye ctionB B'......Page 76
INTRODUCTION......Page 77
Gravelb arrier recessionS, toryH ead, Nova Scotia......Page 78
Halifax Tide Gauge......Page 79
Derivation of the Forcing Coefficient......Page 80
Relationship between forcing and sea-level change......Page 81
Mesoscale period of analysis......Page 82
DISCUSSION......Page 83
REFERENCES......Page 85
APPLICATION OF THE BRUUN  MODEL......Page 86
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 89
2.1 Historical trends......Page 91
3.2. Oceanographic effects on mean sealevel......Page 93
3.3 Estimation of extreme sealevels, for constant climate......Page 95
3.4 The effect of Greenhouse-Related climate     change on tropical storm climatology......Page 96
REFERENCES......Page 97
Wave Activity in the Maldives in April 1987......Page 99
Estimates of the Breaker Height of Swell......Page 100
Failure of Sea Defences arising from Swell......Page 101
REFERENCES......Page 103
2 PRINCIPLE......Page 104
3.2. INSTRUMENTATION......Page 105
5 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS......Page 106
REFERENCES......Page 108
THE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE SYSTEM......Page 109
THE LEVELLING SYSTEM......Page 110
THE OBSERVATIONS......Page 111
REFERENCES......Page 113
A Description of the Sea Level and Geedynamic   Complex at Shepelevo Russia, Baltic Sea, Bay of  Finland......Page 114
REFERENCES......Page 116
INTRODUCTION......Page 118
Shelf Waves......Page 119
Topographic          Planetary Waves......Page 121
Geosat Data and Sea Level Variability......Page 124
Frequency-Zonal  Wave Number      Spectra......Page 125
Comparison with the Rossby Wave Theory......Page 126
Data Processing   Methods......Page 127
Results and Discussions......Page 129
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 130
REFERENCES......Page 131
3. DATA PROCESSING METHODS......Page 133
4.2 Empirical Orthogonal Functions......Page 138
4.3 Possible Inaccuracies in Fields......Page 139
REFERENCES......Page 143
GEOSAT AND BUOY DATA......Page 144
SEA LEVEL AT CLIPPERTON......Page 145
ANTICYCLONIC EDDIES......Page 146
THE ANNUAL CYCLE......Page 147
DISCUSSION......Page 150
REFERENCES......Page 153
INTRODUCrION......Page 154
Satellite Tracking Data Employed......Page 155
Estimates of Sea Surface Topography......Page 156
MEAN SEA SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY RELATIVE TO THE GEOID......Page 157
COMPARISONS......Page 158
THE ANNUAL AND SEMI-ANNUAL CYCLES OF SEA SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY......Page 160
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEA LEVEL CHANGE AND ATMOSPHERIC VARIABLES......Page 162
SUMMARY......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 164
INTRODUCTION......Page 165
METHOD......Page 166
GEOSAT ORBrr......Page 167
DATA PROCESSING......Page 168
GEOSAT MEAN SEA LEVEL......Page 169
Orbit Error......Page 171
Sampling Error......Page 172
Wet Tropospheric Correction......Page 173
Summary of Results......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 177
SEASAT AND GEOSAT ALTIMETER DATA......Page 179
RESULTS......Page 181
DISCUSSION......Page 182
REFERENCES......Page 184
MODELING MEAN SEA LEVEL FOR A COMBINED APPROACH......Page 186
ALTIMETRY AND TIDE GAUGE DATA......Page 187
AN ADJUSTMENT MODEL FOR MSL DETERMINATION......Page 188
ACCURACY ESTIMATION OF MSL DETERMINATION IN THE BALTIC SEA......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 193