Scientific and Philosophical Perspectives in Neuroethics

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
Rationality......Page 17
Morality......Page 19
References......Page 22
Acknowledgments......Page 24
Introduction: Neuroethics: coming of age and facing the future......Page 26
Introduction......Page 32
We are our brains......Page 33
The computer metaphor......Page 34
During development we make our own brains into a unique machine......Page 38
Development causes restrictions......Page 39
Sexual differentiation of the brain as an example of early imprinting......Page 41
Sexual differentiation of the brain: little or no effect of the social environment......Page 42
Transsexuality......Page 43
Transsexuality and the brain......Page 44
Mind versus soul......Page 46
Where are we going to?......Page 49
Functional improvements by psychopharmaca, reactivation of neurons, deep brain stimulation, and placebos......Page 50
The treatment of depression: the future "analytical psychiatrist" for patient-tailored therapy......Page 51
Deep brain stimulation in neurology and psychiatry: reversible psychosurgery......Page 52
The placebo effect......Page 53
Reactivation of atrophic neurons......Page 54
Restorative neuroscience: the garage called, your brain is ready......Page 56
Neural transplantation: repair of local lesions......Page 57
Intervention neurology......Page 58
Gene, molecular, and cell therapies: repairing neurodegeneration and reconnecting damaged neuronal pathways......Page 59
Conclusions......Page 61
Glossary......Page 62
References......Page 63
Introduction......Page 68
Wilhelm Wundt: the founding father of experimental psychology......Page 70
Building an epistemology for the modern age: nineteenth century science struggling with Kantian philosophy......Page 72
Nineteenth century physics testing the limits of empiricism......Page 73
The scholarly dispute on spiritism in Leipzig 1877......Page 75
Wundt's pragmatic way of dealing with spiritism: narrowing the scope of experimental psychology and setting up a proto-"inclusive" cultural anthropology......Page 78
Wundt's partitioning of consciousness states at a turning point in the history of the subject and its imprint on the canon of modern neuroscience......Page 81
1 An integrative approach of neuroscience striving to overcome Wundt´s twofold (Kantian) solution to the problem of consciousness......Page 82
3 The triumphant structuralistic approach and its focus on the experimental investigation of substantive states of consciousness......Page 83
The return of the dispute on a "postmodern" scale since 1990 and since 2002......Page 85
Conclusion: elements for further discussion......Page 91
References......Page 94
Introduction......Page 97
The hard problem: practical implications?......Page 98
The hard problem further complicated by philosophical paradoxes......Page 101
The good hard problem versus the bad hard problem......Page 103
The search for a general theory of conscious processes......Page 109
Self-organization theory as a coherent explanatory response to the hard problem......Page 111
How self-organization can resolve the mind-body problem......Page 115
Responses to objections......Page 119
Conclusion......Page 122
References......Page 123
Mind-body: what is the problem?......Page 126
The pros and cons of dualism......Page 130
Dualistic and monistic variants of physicalism......Page 134
Interaction or one-way action?......Page 137
Whence consciousness?......Page 145
References......Page 146
5. Personal identity and the nature of the self......Page 148
The modern predicament......Page 150
The self: embodiment, articulacy, and commitment......Page 153
What we really have to fear......Page 156
References......Page 163
Autonomy: a brief history of the concept......Page 165
Embodiment, consciousness, and sense of self (heretofore referred to as interiority)......Page 167
Situated freedom......Page 169
What autonomies and what freedoms? Autonomy and neurosciences on a practical level......Page 171
References......Page 175
7. Toward a cognitive neurobiology of the moral virtues......Page 177
Introduction......Page 178
The reconstruction of moral cognitive phenomena in cognitive neurobiological terms......Page 179
Moral knowledge......Page 180
Moral learning......Page 184
Moral perception......Page 185
Moral conflict......Page 186
Moral virtues......Page 187
Moral character......Page 188
Moral pathology......Page 189
Moral correction......Page 191
Moral progress......Page 194
Moral unity/systematicity......Page 196
Reflections on some recent "virtue ethics"......Page 197
References......Page 201
The problem of pain......Page 203
The heuristic value of the neuroscience of pain......Page 205
Maldynia: neuropathology expressed as the subjective illness of pain......Page 207
The value of integrative pain research......Page 208
Implications for a neurophilosophy of pain......Page 209
Purpose and potential......Page 211
Neuroethical questions and issues in pain care......Page 213
Proceeding with prudence......Page 215
References......Page 217
Introduction......Page 221
Various types of cell implant for the brain......Page 223
Primary cells......Page 225
Stem cells......Page 226
Animal cells......Page 229
Surgical safety......Page 230
Psychological safety......Page 231
Transfer of psychological elements......Page 232
Role of animal experimentation......Page 233
Clinical trial design......Page 234
Sham surgery as control: yes or no?......Page 235
Core assessment protocol......Page 238
Informed consent......Page 239
Concluding remarks......Page 240
References......Page 241
Introduction......Page 247
Research epistemologies: behavioral genetics and pharmacogenetics......Page 248
Influence of epistemology on clinical practice: ethical consequences......Page 253
Integrating brain-mind phenomena in an ethic of neurogenetics......Page 256
Conclusion......Page 258
References......Page 259
Introduction......Page 261
What is captured by FMRI?......Page 262
Data preprocessing......Page 264
Statistical analysis......Page 265
Interpretation of the results......Page 266
Studies exemplifying ethical and scientific concerns......Page 267
fMRI as a new lie detector......Page 268
"Instant science" versus peer-review......Page 270
Conclusion......Page 272
References......Page 273
12. Can we read minds?: Ethical challenges and responsibilities in the use of neuroimaging research......Page 275
A pathway to brain function: an overview of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI)......Page 276
Emerging research and applications of functional neuroimaging in clinical medicine and cognitive science......Page 277
Brain mapping in presurgical assessment......Page 278
Detection of consciousness in brain injury......Page 279
Lie detection......Page 280
Challenge in deriving meaning from signals......Page 281
Equating structure and function......Page 283
Designing an fMRI experiment......Page 284
Statistical analysis of fMRI data......Page 285
Neuro-essentialism......Page 287
Neuro-realism......Page 289
Neuro-policy......Page 291
Responsiveness......Page 293
Civic and democratic responsibility......Page 294
Prospective responsibility......Page 295
Conclusion......Page 296
References......Page 297
Introduction......Page 302
A brief history of BCI research......Page 303
Non-invasive technologies......Page 305
Invasive technologies......Page 306
Range of applications......Page 307
Potential ethical considerations......Page 308
Conclusions......Page 310
References......Page 311
Introduction......Page 314
Increasing therapeutic options......Page 315
DARPA's brain–machine interface program......Page 317
Shift from therapy to enhancement......Page 318
Improvement of motor abilities......Page 319
Improvement of mood and vegetative functions......Page 320
Ethical challenges......Page 321
Proportionality......Page 322
The "neurodivide"......Page 323
Limitless enhancement......Page 324
Authenticity and identity......Page 325
The transparent society......Page 326
Mind control......Page 327
The experience machine......Page 328
References......Page 330
Neurotechnology: a focus for public policy......Page 333
Getting to Policy......Page 334
The workshop......Page 336
Developing a framework......Page 337
Piloted process 1: creating ELSI thought bank accounts......Page 338
The neurotechnology for analysis......Page 339
Ranking of ELS issues for selected neurotechnology......Page 340
Categorization of discrimination/stigma ELSI related to neurogenetics......Page 341
Piloted process 2: quad chart for classifying the immediacy and novelty of neurotechnologies......Page 343
New/novel/old: classifying the technology......Page 344
Conclusions regarding piloted process 2: quad chart development......Page 345
Lessons learned......Page 346
Mapping the path forward......Page 348
Summary......Page 350
References......Page 351
Introduction......Page 352
Neuroethics and neuropolicy......Page 354
Policy issues of brain intervention......Page 355
Policy dimensions of neuroscience......Page 358
Setting a neuroethics agenda......Page 361
Role of expert input......Page 366
Lessons from genethics and genetic policy......Page 369
Conclusions......Page 370
References......Page 371
The human condition: strivings to flourish......Page 374
Treatment or enhancement: on coffee, culture, and social convention(s)......Page 377
Normality, norms, and neuroethics......Page 379
Conclusion......Page 382
References......Page 383
18. The limits of neuro-talk......Page 386
Taxonomies of mind......Page 387
Deep problems of instrumentation......Page 391
Respect the machine......Page 393
Of dogs and protons......Page 395
The histrionics of the neuro-metaphysician......Page 396
The autonomy of the mental......Page 399
Afterword......Page 401
References......Page 405
Index......Page 406