Science, Religion, And Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, And Controversy (2 vol. set)

Volume 1......Page 9
Contents......Page 5
Foreword......Page 11
Preface......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 19
General Overviews......Page 21
Introduction to General Overviews......Page 23
1 Integrating Science and Religion......Page 27
Limit Questions......Page 29
Conflict......Page 32
Independence......Page 33
Dialogue......Page 34
Assimilation......Page 35
Time......Page 36
Bibliography......Page 37
Classical Judaism......Page 38
Medieval Judaism......Page 40
Modern Judaism......Page 42
Bibliography......Page 45
The Hellenic Heritage......Page 46
Science in the Service of Islam......Page 48
Religious Reactions......Page 52
The Present......Page 54
Bibliography......Page 55
Rita and Dharma: Concepts of Cosmic Order......Page 56
The Darsanas: Six Systems of Philosophy......Page 57
Nature and Science......Page 58
Vedic Times......Page 59
Colonialism......Page 60
Bibliography......Page 61
5 Science and Religion in Africa......Page 62
Northeast Africa......Page 63
West Africa......Page 64
Metallurgy and Mathematics......Page 65
Animal Conservation and Ecology......Page 66
Bibliography......Page 67
6 Science and Native American Communities......Page 68
Native American Ethos......Page 69
The Ethos of Mainstream Science......Page 71
Native American Health and Medical Science......Page 72
Native American Communities and the Environment......Page 74
Indigenous Knowledge, Indigenous Science......Page 77
Bibliography......Page 79
7 Native Spirituality and Science......Page 81
Science and Culture......Page 82
Indigenous Spirituality and Traditional Knowledge......Page 84
Effects of Colonization on Native Science......Page 86
Modern Physics and Indigenous Perspectives......Page 89
Bibliography......Page 91
8 Knowing the World......Page 93
Bibliography......Page 99
Aspects of Science......Page 101
Aspects of Religion......Page 102
Aspects of Philosophy......Page 103
Epistemology......Page 104
Metaphysics......Page 105
Ethics......Page 107
Politics......Page 109
Bibliography......Page 110
10 Intersecting Frontiers in Science and Religion......Page 111
Religion and Spirituality......Page 112
Intersections of Physics and Religion......Page 113
Intersections of Biology and Religion......Page 114
Religious Phenomena and the Neurosciences......Page 116
Other Intersections......Page 117
Bibliography......Page 119
Is There a God?......Page 120
What About Life After Death?......Page 121
The Thrill of Science and Other Intangibles......Page 122
Goedel’s Theorem and Reality......Page 124
Direct Perception and Intuition......Page 126
Spirituality and Reality......Page 128
Bibliography......Page 129
12 Ichi Tante Mind: A Zen Buddhist Perspective......Page 130
Bibliography......Page 131
13 Islam and Science: Notes on an Ongoing Debate......Page 132
Scientific Universalism versus Cultural Particularism......Page 133
The Islamic World and Science Today......Page 136
Bibliography......Page 138
Medicine and Biology......Page 139
Chemistry and Physics......Page 140
Studies of Heaven and Earth......Page 143
Taoist Dreams of Space Travel......Page 146
Bibliography......Page 150
15 Religious Pluralism and Science in Asia......Page 151
Bibliography......Page 152
16 Diversity of the Religious Experience......Page 153
Varieties of Religious and Spiritual Experience......Page 154
Universal Spiritual Experience......Page 159
Bibliography......Page 160
17 Multicultural Perspectives on Issues in Science and Religion......Page 162
Theoretical Framework......Page 163
Religion, Science, and Contemporary Issues......Page 168
Bibliography......Page 172
Culture......Page 173
Scientific Culture......Page 175
Science Education......Page 177
Cultural Dissonance......Page 178
Bibliography......Page 180
Historical Perspectives......Page 181
Introduction to Historical Perspectives......Page 183
19 Religion in Ancient Western South America......Page 188
The Chinchorro......Page 189
First Signs of Religion Reflected in Art......Page 190
Origins of Metaphysics and Myth......Page 191
More Formalized Religion......Page 192
The Rise of the Inca......Page 193
Bibliography......Page 195
Defining Science......Page 196
The Moche......Page 198
The Tiwanaku......Page 199
The Incas......Page 200
Bibliography......Page 201
Mathematics......Page 202
Astronomy......Page 204
The Physical Sciences......Page 205
Chemistry......Page 207
Medicine and Psychology......Page 208
Hindu Science in a Global Context......Page 210
Bibliography......Page 211
22 Joseph Needham and Taoism......Page 213
Bibliography......Page 214
23 Islam and Premodern Science......Page 216
Bibliography......Page 221
24 Islam and Modern Science......Page 223
The Colonized Discourse......Page 224
The Postcolonial Phase......Page 225
Liberation of the Discourse......Page 226
Metaphysical Aspects of the Discourse......Page 227
Bibliography......Page 228
25 Science, Philosophy, and Religion in Ancient Greece and Rome......Page 230
Pythagoras and Thales......Page 231
Anaxagoras and Socrates......Page 235
Aristotle and Alexander......Page 237
Rome......Page 238
Bibliography......Page 239
26 Patristic Theology and Greek Natural Philosophy......Page 241
Negative Appraisals of Greek Philosophy......Page 242
Positive Appraisals of Greek Philosophy......Page 244
A Compromise Position......Page 246
Bibliography......Page 248
27 Religion and Science in the Middle Ages......Page 250
The Introduction of Aristotle’s Natural Philosophy......Page 251
The Theological Reaction to Aristotle......Page 253
God’s Absolute Power......Page 256
Theologian Natural Philosophers......Page 260
Reason and the Medieval University......Page 261
Bibliography......Page 262
Notions of the Natural World, the Divine, and Leadership Before Christianity......Page 264
The First Three Centuries of Roman Imperial Rule......Page 266
The Fourth Century CE......Page 267
Bibliography......Page 270
29 Knowledge and Accuracy in Early Greek Historical Writing......Page 271
The Intellectual Climate and the Development of Greek History......Page 272
Knowledge, Fact, and Truth in Ancient Greece......Page 276
Intellectual Freedom......Page 277
The Study of Unpredictable Human Behaviors......Page 279
Bibliography......Page 280
30 The Development and Diffusion of Alchemy from Antiquity to the Renaissance......Page 282
Ancient Greek Sources......Page 283
Hellenistic Sources......Page 284
Arabic Alchemy......Page 286
Alchemy in the West......Page 289
From Kabbalah to Renaissance Magus......Page 290
Bibliography......Page 291
Theoretical Bodies: Ancient Greece......Page 293
Virgin and Witch......Page 296
Practical Care......Page 299
Bibliography......Page 302
Geography in the System of Christian Knowledge......Page 303
The Christianization of the Picture of the World......Page 305
Pilgrimage and Descriptions of the Holy Places......Page 307
Bibliography......Page 309
33 The Western Calendar: Religion and Science Intertwined......Page 310
The Roman Calendar......Page 311
The European Christian Calendar......Page 313
The Gregorian Reform......Page 314
Bibliography......Page 316
Ancient and Medieval Ideas on Plural Worlds......Page 317
Extraterrestrials and the Scientific Revolution......Page 318
Reconciling Extraterrestrials and Christianity......Page 321
Bibliography......Page 323
Creation, the Cosmos, and Origins of the Universe......Page 325
Introduction to Creation, the Cosmos, and Origins of the Universe......Page 327
35 Creation and Origins of the Universe......Page 330
The Beginning: Creation of Myths......Page 332
First Transition: From a Finite to an Infinite Cosmos......Page 334
Second Transition: From an Infinite Cosmos to and Expanding Universe......Page 336
Third Transition: From a Classical to a Quantum Universe......Page 340
Rethinking the Cosmic Origin......Page 341
So, What Can We Say?......Page 343
Bibliography......Page 344
36 African Cosmologies Past and Present......Page 345
God as Creator......Page 346
Origin of the Universe......Page 347
Origin of Death......Page 348
Modern Cosmology......Page 350
Bibliography......Page 351
37 Creation Myths of Africa......Page 352
Bibliography......Page 357
38 The Biblical View of Nature......Page 358
Nature in the Genesis Creation......Page 360
Biblical Portrayals of the Natural World......Page 362
Nature, Poetry, and the Glory of God......Page 363
Sustaining the Natural World......Page 364
Ecology, Dominion, and Stewardship......Page 366
Science and the Biblical View of Nature......Page 367
Bibliography......Page 369
39 Galileo, Science, and Religion......Page 370
The Dialogue......Page 371
The Trial of 1633......Page 372
Reconciling Galileo and Religion......Page 373
Bibliography......Page 374
40 Isaac Newton: His Science and Religion......Page 375
Unravelling the Myth......Page 376
The Birth of a Searching Mind......Page 377
The Principia Mathematica......Page 378
The Prisca Sapientia and the Classical Scholia......Page 379
The Recovery of Primitive Christianity......Page 380
Prophecy and Revelation......Page 381
The “Origines”......Page 382
A Science That Leads to God......Page 383
Time and Space......Page 385
The General Scholium......Page 386
A Unified System......Page 387
Bibliography......Page 388
The Universe Is Neither Eternal nor Static......Page 390
Who Started It?......Page 392
A Causal Agent Is Not Necessary......Page 394
Black Holes and Infinity......Page 395
The God Hypothesis......Page 397
Bibliography......Page 399
42 Cosmology and the Anthropic Principle......Page 400
The Anthropic Coincidences......Page 401
The Cosmological Constant......Page 402
Versions of the Anthropic Principle......Page 403
How Fine-tuned?......Page 405
Quintessence......Page 407
Bibliography......Page 408
Young Earth Creationism......Page 410
Theistic Evolution......Page 416
A Variety of Beliefs......Page 417
Bibliography......Page 418
Creation? We Call It the Big Bang......Page 419
Was a Day a Day at the Beginning?......Page 420
Evolution in the Bible?......Page 421
Which of Adam’s Ribs Did Eve Come From?......Page 422
Why Do Bad Things Happen?......Page 423
Was There a Global Flood?......Page 424
Bibliography......Page 425
A Beginning......Page 426
A Cosmos Just Right for Humans......Page 429
Bibliography......Page 434
Construction Space......Page 435
Center and Wilderness......Page 436
Redefining Space and Reviving Time......Page 437
Mesoamerican Urban Space......Page 438
Bibliography......Page 439
Volume 2......Page 0
Ecology, Evolution, and the Natural World......Page 441
Introduction to Ecology, Evolution, and the Natural World......Page 443
Reason and Revelation......Page 446
Natural Theology, Design, and Natural Philosophy......Page 448
Deism and Early Modern Science......Page 450
Bibliography......Page 452
A New Approach to Society......Page 454
Creation and the God-World Relationship......Page 456
Life After Death and the Transformation of the Physical Universe......Page 458
Bibliography......Page 460
49 Evolution......Page 462
The Evidence for Evolution......Page 464
Molecular Biology......Page 467
Genetics and Natural Selection......Page 468
Evolution as a Creative Process......Page 470
Unintelligent Design......Page 473
Bibliography......Page 476
Evolution......Page 477
Natural Selection......Page 478
Issues of Evolution and Natural Selection......Page 480
A Unified Understanding of Life......Page 484
Bibliography......Page 485
The History of Intelligent Design......Page 487
The Revitalization of the Design Argument......Page 490
The Argument from Biochemistry......Page 491
Bibliography......Page 494
The Supernatural Agent: Hair-Trigger Folk Psychology......Page 495
Existential Anxiety: An Experiment on What Motivates Belief......Page 498
Bibliography......Page 502
Environment in Developing Countries......Page 504
The Environment and the Supreme Being......Page 506
Fauna and Spirituality......Page 507
Flora and Spirituality......Page 508
The Power of Community......Page 509
Bibliography......Page 510
54 Environmental Ethics......Page 512
Philosophical Debates......Page 513
Ecology and Ethics......Page 514
Ethical Alternatives......Page 516
Bibliography......Page 517
55 Science and the Sacred......Page 519
Benefits and Costs of Science and Technology......Page 520
The Search for Purpose and Meaning......Page 521
An Ecological Approach to Science......Page 522
The Sacred Order of Ecology......Page 523
Ecology, the Sacred, and Sustainability......Page 524
Bibliography......Page 525
The Ethic of Sustainable Development......Page 526
The Role of Science and Religion......Page 531
Bibliography......Page 533
Consciousness, Mind, and the Brain......Page 535
Introduction to Consciousness, Mind, and the Brain......Page 537
57 The Psychology of Religion......Page 540
Psychology of Religion Today......Page 542
Critique......Page 544
Bibliography......Page 546
58 Consciousness and Neurotheology......Page 547
Neurotheological Research Today......Page 548
Prospects for the Future......Page 553
Bibliography......Page 554
The Neurosciences......Page 556
Complexity Studies......Page 557
Religious Experience......Page 558
Neurotheology......Page 560
Bibliography......Page 561
60 Neurobiology and Consciousness......Page 563
Brain Imaging Studies of Different States of Consciousness......Page 565
Considering Consciousness If External Reality Is Primary......Page 568
Considering Conscious Awareness as Primary......Page 571
An Integrated Approach to the Problem of Conscious Awareness and Material Reality......Page 572
Bibliography......Page 573
Disorders That May Be Treated with Psychosurgery......Page 575
History of Modern Psychosurgery......Page 578
Psychosurgical Techniques......Page 579
Ethics of Changing Mood and Affect......Page 581
Bibliography......Page 583
Substances, Properties, and Events......Page 585
Physicalism......Page 586
Dualism......Page 588
Identity, Causation, and Correlation......Page 590
Central Issues about Consciousness and the Self......Page 592
Science and the Mind-Body Problem......Page 593
Bibliography......Page 594
Altered States of Consciousness......Page 595
Ontological Awakening......Page 596
Intrusions of Another Reality......Page 598
Deliberately Accessing Another Reality......Page 599
A Critical Evaluation......Page 600
Bibliography......Page 602
Understanding Religious Experience......Page 604
The Brain and Religious Experience......Page 605
Ritual, Brain, and Experience......Page 608
Evaluating the Evidence from Religious Experience......Page 609
Bibliography......Page 611
65 Cognitive Science of Religion......Page 613
Gods......Page 615
Rituals......Page 617
Ethics......Page 618
Sects: In-Groups and Out-Groups......Page 619
Afterlife Beliefs and Death Rituals......Page 620
Metaphysics......Page 621
Theological Incorrectness......Page 622
Bibliography......Page 624
Healers and Healing......Page 625
Introduction to Healers and Healing......Page 627
Spirits......Page 631
Transitions......Page 633
Bibliography......Page 634
67 Shamanism and Science: Ancient Pathways to Healing and Understanding......Page 635
The Science of Shamanism......Page 636
Cosmology and Ecology of Shamanism......Page 637
Contemporary Shamanism......Page 639
Bibliography......Page 640
68 Shamanism: A Biogenetic Perspective......Page 641
Neurological Foundations of Shamanism......Page 642
Shamanism and the Triune Brain......Page 645
Analogical Thought in Shamanism......Page 648
Shamanic Therapeutics......Page 649
Bibliography......Page 651
The Causes of Illness......Page 653
The Ailments......Page 655
The Unction of the Sick......Page 656
Asmat......Page 657
The Five Hundred and Eight Medicines......Page 660
Bibliography......Page 661
70 African Traditional Medicine: Healing and Spirituality......Page 662
Healing in the Precolonial Period (before 1900)......Page 663
Healing in the Colonial Period (1900–1960)......Page 665
Healing in the Postcolonial Period (after 1960)......Page 666
Partnership as the Way Forward......Page 667
Bibliography......Page 668
HIV/AIDS in Africa......Page 669
AIDS and Traditional Culture in Africa......Page 670
AIDS in Current Context......Page 671
AIDS and Science......Page 672
Bibliography......Page 673
Native American Spirituality......Page 674
Walking in Step......Page 676
Medicine......Page 677
Harmony......Page 678
Relation......Page 679
Vision......Page 680
The Way of the Circle......Page 681
Bibliography......Page 684
73 Navajo Spirituality: Native American Wisdom and Healing......Page 685
Bibliography......Page 689
Science, Religion, and the Practice of Medicine......Page 690
The Influence of Spirituality on Sickness and Health......Page 691
Spirituality and Religion as Comforts to Patients......Page 692
Issues Related to Patient-Doctor Communication......Page 693
The Physician’s Role in Patient Spirituality......Page 695
Bibliography......Page 696
75 Interdisciplinary Approaches to Faith Healing......Page 697
Sociology......Page 698
Psychology......Page 700
Parapsychology......Page 702
Theology......Page 703
Bibliography......Page 704
76 Does Religion Cause Health?......Page 705
The Causal Web......Page 707
Diverse Interpretations of a Common Question......Page 709
Historical Background......Page 712
From Confusion to Clarity in Diversity......Page 713
Bibliography......Page 714
Dying and Death......Page 717
Introduction to Dying and Death......Page 719
Defining Death......Page 723
Cultural and Religious Beliefs......Page 725
Psychic Research and Parapsychology......Page 728
The End Point......Page 729
Bibliography......Page 730
The Process and Definition of Dying......Page 732
Autopsies and Organ and Tissue Transplantation......Page 734
Social Support of the Sick......Page 737
Bibliography......Page 738
79 Hospice......Page 740
Hospice as a Philosophy of Care......Page 742
Hospice as a Program of Care......Page 743
Defining Hospice and Palliative Care......Page 745
Hospice Care in the United States......Page 746
The Spiritual Impetus Underlying Hospice......Page 748
Bibliography......Page 749
A Patient’s Story......Page 751
Current Medical Practice on Withholding or Withdrawing Treatment......Page 752
The Perceived Duty to Sustain Life......Page 755
Bibliography......Page 757
81 Near Death Experiences......Page 759
A Common Pattern......Page 760
Aftereffects......Page 763
The Meaning of Near Death Experiences......Page 764
Bibliography......Page 765
Dissection in the Abrahamic Traditions......Page 766
The Limits of the Permissible......Page 770
Bibliography......Page 773
Genetics and Religion......Page 775
Introduction to Genetics and Religion......Page 777
Genetics: Knowledge of Life......Page 783
Society: The Rationalization of Life......Page 788
The Material and Spiritual Future of Life......Page 793
Bibliography......Page 798
Genetically Modified Organisms......Page 800
Animal Cloning......Page 803
Human Genetics......Page 804
Bibliography......Page 805
85 Religion, Ethics, and the Human Genome Project......Page 807
The Human Genome Project......Page 808
ELSI......Page 809
Genetic Testing......Page 810
Pharmacogenomics......Page 811
The Future......Page 812
Bibliography......Page 813
The Science of Cloning......Page 815
What Is a Clone?......Page 816
Cloning Concerns......Page 817
The Challenge of Making Laws......Page 820
Bibliography......Page 821
General......Page 823
Historical Perspectives......Page 830
Creation, the Cosmos, and Origins of the Universe......Page 838
Ecology, Evolution, and the Natural World......Page 843
Consciousness, Mind, and the Brain......Page 846
Healers and Healing......Page 852
Genetics and Religion......Page 861
About the Authors......Page 865
Index......Page 879