Science and Golf II: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf

Book Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 22
Part One  The Golfer......Page 24
Introduction......Page 25
Wrist Action......Page 26
Ground Reaction Forces......Page 27
Electromyography......Page 28
Extraneous Golf Research......Page 30
Conclusions......Page 31
References......Page 32
Introduction......Page 35
Methods......Page 36
Results......Page 38
Discussion......Page 40
Conclusions......Page 41
References......Page 42
1  Introduction......Page 43
2.1  Subjects......Page 44
3  Results......Page 45
4  Discussion......Page 48
6  References......Page 49
4  Discrete pressure profiles of the feet and weight transfer patterns during the golf swing......Page 51
2  Methods......Page 52
3  Results......Page 54
5  References......Page 57
5  Ground reaction forces and torques of professional and amateur golfers......Page 59
2  Methods......Page 60
3  Results......Page 61
4.1  General description......Page 63
4.3  Differences between skill levels......Page 65
5  Conclusions......Page 67
7  Acknowledgement......Page 68
6  The biomechanics of the shoe-ground interaction in golf......Page 69
2  Methods......Page 70
3  Results and discussion......Page 71
4  Conclusions......Page 75
5  References......Page 76
7  A biomechanical analysis of the respiratory pattern during the golf swing......Page 77
3  Results......Page 78
6.  References......Page 80
8  Spine and hip motion analysis during the golf swing......Page 82
2.1  Population......Page 83
2.3  Definition of measured parameters......Page 84
3  Results......Page 85
3.2.1  Address......Page 86
4  Conclusions......Page 87
4.1  Analysis of PGA Tour and Senior PGA Tour Swings......Page 88
4.2.1  Rotation......Page 89
4.3.2  The hips start down while the shoulders are still going back.......Page 90
4.4  Implications of Real Time Analysis and Feedback to Teaching the Golf Swing......Page 91
5  References......Page 92
1  Introduction......Page 93
2.1  Design of experimental rig......Page 95
3  Results......Page 96
4  Discussion......Page 97
5  References......Page 98
1  Introduction......Page 100
2.  Method......Page 101
3  Biomechanics of the swing......Page 102
4  Method of analysis......Page 103
5  Results......Page 104
7  References......Page 106
8  Acknowledgements......Page 107
1  Introduction......Page 108
2.1  Parametric Model of a Golf Club......Page 109
2.2  ADAMS/ANDROID Model of a Golfer......Page 110
2.3  Motion Analysis System......Page 111
2.4  Combining Components of the Model......Page 112
2.7  Uses of the Model......Page 113
3  References......Page 114
2  Key Features of the Specified Representative Swing Style......Page 116
3  Knee Swing Paths......Page 118
5  Shoulder-Joint Swing Paths......Page 119
8  The Timing of the Arm Actions......Page 121
9  Concluding Comments......Page 123
10  References......Page 124
1  Introduction......Page 125
3  Analysis Approach......Page 126
5  Results of Analysis......Page 128
6  Summary......Page 132
7  Acknowledgments......Page 133
14  Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the golf swing......Page 134
2.1  Sampling and Video Procedures......Page 135
2.3  Statistical Analysis......Page 136
3  Analysis of Results......Page 137
5  References......Page 139
15  One move to better ball flight......Page 141
2.1  Subjects......Page 142
2.3  Procedure......Page 143
2.4  Measurement of ‘Clearance Angle’......Page 144
3  Results......Page 145
4  Discussion......Page 147
7  References......Page 149
1  Common Tendencies of Amateur Golfers......Page 150
2  Common Swing Tendency Number One: Posture......Page 152
3  Common Swing Tendency Number Two: Shoulder Turn......Page 153
4  Common Swing Tendency Number Three: Stretch and Rotation......Page 154
5  Common Swing Tendency Number Four: Start to the Backswing......Page 155
7  Instructor Observations......Page 156
1  Introduction......Page 158
2.1  Go-Go Golf......Page 159
2.3  Level One Golf Course......Page 160
2.6  State Associations and Foundations......Page 161
3.1  Australian Institute of Sport Golf Programme......Page 162
3.2  State Sports Institutes......Page 163
3.5  National Squad......Page 164
5  Conclusion......Page 165
APPENDIX A.......Page 166
18  Teaching methods and epistemic styles of golf instructors......Page 168
1  Introduction......Page 169
2.2  Instruments......Page 170
3  Results......Page 171
References......Page 173
1  Introduction......Page 174
3  Equipment......Page 175
Introduction......Page 178
Behavioral/Cognitive Studies......Page 180
Psychophysiological Studies......Page 182
Fitness and Age Factors......Page 185
Conclusions......Page 186
References......Page 187
1  Introduction......Page 189
2.2  Instrument......Page 191
3  Results......Page 192
4  Discussion......Page 195
5  References......Page 196
1  Introduction......Page 197
2  Goal setting in sport—Does it transfer?......Page 198
4  Performance oriented goals......Page 199
5  Process oriented goals......Page 200
6  Performance routines using holistic process goals......Page 201
7  An appropriate combination?......Page 202
9  References......Page 203
23  The self-regulatory challenges of golf......Page 205
1  Problem Identification......Page 206
3  Execution......Page 207
6  Qualifiers: Affect, Task Difficulty, Expectations, Attributions and Dispositions......Page 209
7  References......Page 211
1  Introduction......Page 212
2  Goal Perspectives and Their Motivational Correlates......Page 213
2.2  Preference for Challenging Tasks......Page 214
2.4  Intrinsic Enjoyment......Page 215
3  Creating a Task-Involving Environment in Golf......Page 216
4  References......Page 217
1  Introduction......Page 218
2.1  Peak performance in golf......Page 219
2.2  Lessons from experience: The Nicklaus approach......Page 221
3.1  The performance management model......Page 222
5  References......Page 224
26  Visual performance differences among professional, amateur, and senior amateur golfers......Page 226
1  Introduction......Page 227
2.2  Procedures......Page 228
2.3  Data analysis......Page 229
3  Results......Page 230
4.1  Visual sensitivity......Page 231
4.3  Fixation disparity (visual alignment error)......Page 232
5  References......Page 233
6  Acknowledgment......Page 234
1  Introduction......Page 235
3.1  General......Page 236
3.2  Putt Types: “Short,” “Makeable” and “Long”......Page 237
4.1  Putting Performance Feedback: How Should It Be Presented?......Page 238
4.2  Comparison of Two Feedback Styles......Page 239
6  References......Page 242
28  A study of golfers’ abilities to read greens......Page 243
2  The optimum speed for putts to roll......Page 244
3  The green reading test......Page 245
4  Green reading terminology and definitions......Page 246
5  Results......Page 247
6  References......Page 249
29  How to lower your putting score without improving......Page 250
1  Introduction......Page 251
2  Random model of putting......Page 252
4  Residual distance of a missed putt......Page 253
6  Optimization methodology......Page 254
8  Simulation results......Page 255
9  Comparison with other tactics......Page 256
10  References......Page 257
1  The Problem of Comparisons......Page 258
2.1  The Measure of Accomplishment......Page 260
2.2  The Quality Determination Algorithm......Page 263
4  References......Page 265
1  Introduction......Page 266
2  Research design......Page 267
3.1  Correlation analysis......Page 268
3.2  Multiple regression analyses......Page 269
4  Conclusions......Page 270
5  References......Page 272
32  The Ryder Cup: an analysis of relative performance 1980–1993......Page 274
1  Introduction......Page 275
3  Results......Page 276
4  Discussion......Page 278
5  References......Page 280
1  Introduction......Page 281
3  The Putting Myth......Page 282
4  Analyzing Watson’s Play—Inspection......Page 283
5  Correlation Matrix and Regressions......Page 285
6  Conclusions......Page 286
7  References......Page 287
1  Introduction......Page 288
2  Overview of System Fundamentals......Page 290
3.2  Handicaps and Adjustments for Distance Ability......Page 292
3.3  Other Caveats and Extensions......Page 294
4  In Conclusion......Page 295
5  References......Page 296
1  The method used......Page 297
2  Individual match play......Page 298
3  Large field net events......Page 299
5  Conclusions......Page 301
6  References......Page 302
36  Outlier identification procedure for reduction of handicaps......Page 303
2  Defining the Golfer and Equitable Net Competitions......Page 304
3  Identifying Unusual Sequences of Good Scores......Page 305
4  Adopting the Outlier Identification for Tournament Scores......Page 306
8  First Reduction Procedure Introduced to American Clubs......Page 307
6  Automatic Reduction of Handicap Based on T-Scores......Page 308
9  References......Page 309
Part Two  The Equipment......Page 311
37  The state of the game, equipment and science......Page 312
1  Introduction......Page 313
3  Governing Bodies......Page 314
4  Equipment Rules......Page 315
6  Hype & Marketing?......Page 316
8  Science and Golf......Page 317
10  Concern About Golf’s Future......Page 318
Greens in Regulation (1968–1993)......Page 319
Score (1968–1993)......Page 320
Scoring Averages (1940–1993)......Page 321
References......Page 323
38  Golf shafts—a technical perspective......Page 324
1  Introduction......Page 335
2  Computer Modeling of the Club......Page 336
3.1  Measurements of Shaft Deflection During Downswing......Page 337
3.2  Comparison of different types of swings......Page 338
3.3  Analysis and discussion of variables that relate the overall shaft performance during the swing......Page 339
5  References......Page 341
1  Introduction......Page 342
2.1  Equations of Motion......Page 343
2.3  Solving the Equations of Motion......Page 345
3  Results and Discussion......Page 346
4  Conclusion......Page 347
6  Appendix A. Boundary Conditions......Page 348
1  Introduction......Page 349
2  Experimental Methods......Page 350
3  Photographic analysis of the swings......Page 351
4  Theoretical calculations......Page 352
5  Results of the analyses......Page 353
6  Conclusions......Page 357
8  Acknowledgements......Page 358
1  Introduction......Page 359
2  Experimental Methodology......Page 360
2.4  Club Assembly and Testing......Page 361
4.1  Machine Results......Page 362
4.2  Live Results......Page 364
4.3  Other Results......Page 365
5  Conclusions......Page 366
6  References......Page 367
1.  Introduction......Page 368
2.1  Instrument and experimental results......Page 370
2.2  Experimental Analysis......Page 371
3.  Conclusion......Page 374
1  Introduction......Page 376
2  Moments of Inertia......Page 377
3  Experimental Determination of Products of Inertia......Page 378
5  Ellipsoids of Inertia......Page 379
7  Acknowledgements......Page 380
8  References......Page 381
1  Introduction......Page 382
3.  Finite element code......Page 383
4.2  Coefficient of restitution......Page 384
5  Discussion......Page 387
6  References......Page 388
1.  Introduction......Page 389
2.  Experimental Apparatus and Golf Balls Tested......Page 390
3.  Dynamic Characteristics of Golf Balls......Page 393
4.  A Mechanical Model for Golf Balls......Page 395
5.  Conclusions......Page 396
6.  References......Page 397
1  Introduction......Page 398
2  One-degree-of-freedom models......Page 399
5  References......Page 403
1  Introduction......Page 404
3  The transverse model......Page 406
4  Example......Page 407
6  Acknowledgements......Page 409
7  References......Page 410
1.1  Equipment advances in driving clubs......Page 411
1.2  Measurement of size......Page 412
2.1  Test procedure for face mapping......Page 413
2.3  Results from machine test......Page 414
3.1  Test procedure......Page 415
4.2  Is a bigger head easier to hit?......Page 416
5  Reference......Page 417
1  Introduction......Page 418
3  Photogrammetrical Analysis in Three Dimensions......Page 419
5  Motion Analysis in Three Dimensions......Page 421
6  Typical Testing Results......Page 423
9  Acknowledgements......Page 424
1  Introduction......Page 425
2.1  Hardness......Page 427
3  Construction......Page 428
3.1  Cover Hardness......Page 429
3.2  Cover Thickness......Page 430
3.4  Ball Size......Page 431
4  Conclusions......Page 432
References......Page 433
1  Introduction......Page 434
2  Description of the Experiments......Page 435
3.1  Lift coefficient......Page 437
3.2  Drag coefficient......Page 438
3.3  Spin rate decay......Page 441
4  Aerodynamic Model......Page 442
6  References......Page 443
1  Introduction......Page 444
2  Design of the Indoor Testing Range......Page 445
2.2  Instrumentation......Page 446
2.3  Calibration Procedure......Page 448
4  References......Page 450
1  Introduction......Page 452
2.1  Test balls......Page 453
2.3  Trajectory simulations......Page 454
3.2  Trajectory analysis......Page 455
4  Conclusions......Page 459
6  References......Page 460
55  Does it matter what ball you play?......Page 461
1  Introduction......Page 462
3  Results......Page 463
3.1  The low handicap group......Page 464
3.3  The high handicap group......Page 465
4  Discussion......Page 466
5  References......Page 468
1  Introduction......Page 469
3  Driver shaft type......Page 470
5  Iron shaft type......Page 471
6  Golf ball construction......Page 472
7  Conclusion and Future forecasts......Page 473
1  Introduction......Page 476
2.1  Polyurethane Polyols......Page 477
2.2  Isocyanate Crosslinkers......Page 478
2.3  Polyurethane Coating System......Page 479
3.2  UV Stabilizers......Page 480
3.3  UV Stabilizers With Narrow Range Absorption......Page 481
References......Page 483
1  Introduction......Page 484
2.2  Coefficient of Restitution......Page 485
2.4  Materials......Page 486
3.1  Effect of cation and salt concentration on COR......Page 487
3.2  Effect of blending different ionomers on COR......Page 488
3.3  Effect of Cover Composition on Spin Rate......Page 490
5  References......Page 491
1  Introduction......Page 493
2  System Requirements......Page 494
4  Design System......Page 495
5  Design Interface and System Use......Page 496
6  Conclusions and Future Work......Page 497
8  References......Page 499
Part Three  The Golf Course and the Game......Page 500
60  Environmental protection and beneficial contributions of golf course turfs......Page 501
2  Turfgrass benefits......Page 502
2.2  Enhanced ground water recharge and protection of surface water quality......Page 503
2.3  Improved biodegradation of organic chemicals and ground water protection......Page 504
2.4  Soil Improvement and restoration......Page 505
2.6  Noise abatement, glare reduction, and visual pollution control......Page 506
2.8  Favorable wildlife habitat......Page 507
2.12  Substantial contribution to the national economy......Page 508
3  References......Page 509
61  The playing quality of golf greens......Page 512
1  Introduction......Page 513
2  Methodology......Page 514
3  Effect of construction type and rootzone composition......Page 516
4  Effect of grass type and method of establishment......Page 517
5  The effect of fertiliser input......Page 518
7  Effects of other maintenance practices......Page 519
8  Discussion......Page 520
10  References......Page 522
62  A method for classifying the quality of golf green turf......Page 525
2.1  Trial design and maintenance......Page 526
2.3  Classification method......Page 527
2.4  Additional performance evaluation of the classes......Page 528
3.1  Classification......Page 529
3.2  Artificial key to classes and class descriptions......Page 530
4  Discussion......Page 531
6  References......Page 532
1  Introduction......Page 534
3  Materials and Methods......Page 535
4.1  Ball Roll Distance......Page 536
4.2  Bulk Density......Page 538
6  References......Page 539
64  Golf ball impacts, greens and the golfer......Page 540
2.1  Recording golf ball impacts......Page 541
2.2  Measurement of playing characteristics......Page 542
3.1  Impacts......Page 543
3.2  Playing characteristics......Page 544
4  A mathematical model of impact......Page 545
6  References......Page 546
Acknowledgements......Page 547
65  Improving the performance of golf turf soils by cultivation......Page 548
3  Measuring soil permeability......Page 549
4  Interpreting permeability information......Page 551
5  Selection of a cultivation treatment......Page 552
References......Page 553
66  Soil macropore effects on the fate of phosphorus in a turfgrass biosystem......Page 555
2  Materials and Methods......Page 556
3  Results and discussion......Page 558
5  References......Page 559
1  Introduction......Page 561
2.1  General......Page 562
2.2  Experiments......Page 563
3.  Results and Discussion......Page 564
References......Page 567
1  Introduction......Page 568
2.1  Identification of sampling intervals......Page 569
2.5  Severity of water-repellence (MED)......Page 570
3  Results......Page 571
4  Discussion......Page 572
5  References......Page 574
1  Introduction......Page 576
2.1  Insect sampling......Page 577
3.1  Insect abundance......Page 578
3.2  Fungal abundance......Page 579
4  Discussion......Page 581
5  References......Page 582
Introduction......Page 584
2  Location, climate and layout......Page 585
References......Page 587
71  Response of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) to natural organic fertilizers......Page 589
2  Methods and Materials......Page 590
3  Results and Discussion......Page 591
5  References......Page 594
1  Introduction......Page 596
2  Organic Matter Characterization......Page 598
3  Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Carrier......Page 599
4  References......Page 600
73  Australian bunker sands—quantifying playability......Page 602
2.1  Sand materials and methods......Page 603
3.1  Summary of criteria under test......Page 604
3.2  Particle size distribution......Page 605
3.3  One way analysis of variance......Page 606
3.4  Effects of physical attributes on performance criteria......Page 607
5  References......Page 608
74  Nutrient transport in runoff from two turfgrass species......Page 610
1  Introduction......Page 611
2  Methods and Materials......Page 612
2.2  Nutrient Analysis Procedures......Page 613
3  Results and Discussion......Page 614
3.1  Nitrate-N......Page 615
3.2  Phosphate......Page 616
3.3  Total Kjeldahl-N......Page 617
5  References......Page 619
1.  Introduction......Page 621
2.1  Golf course monitoring studies......Page 623
2.2  Research results......Page 625
3  Discussion......Page 626
4  References......Page 627
1  Introduction......Page 629
3.1  Sample collection, preparation and analysis......Page 630
4  Results and discussion......Page 631
6  References......Page 634
77  Fate and mobility of pre-emergent herbicides in turfgrass......Page 636
1  Introduction......Page 637
2.2  Treatments......Page 638
2.4  Residue analyses......Page 639
3.1  Dinitroanilines (DNA)......Page 640
3.2  Oxadiazon......Page 641
3.5  Maximum residue levels......Page 642
4  Discussion......Page 644
5  References......Page 646
1  Introduction......Page 648
2  Product and Site Selection......Page 649
3.1  Liquid Application......Page 650
3.2  Granule Application......Page 651
4  Biological Control......Page 652
5  Predicting Pests......Page 653
6  References......Page 654
1.  Introduction......Page 656
2.  The amount of pesticides and most frequantly used pesticides......Page 657
3.  The pesticides application according to region......Page 659
4.  The use of pesticides according to the purpose......Page 660
6.  References......Page 661
80  Course design with precision and control......Page 663
2.1  The nature and capability of CAD......Page 664
2.3  Earthworks design......Page 665
2.5  3D visualisation......Page 666
3.3  Design modelling......Page 667
4.2  Balancing cut and fill......Page 668
4.4  3D Visualisation......Page 669
5  The cost effectiveness of CAD for golf course design is proportional to:-......Page 670
1  Introduction......Page 672
2  Management planning......Page 673
2.1  Survey and mapping techniques......Page 674
2.2  The role of evaluation......Page 675
4  References......Page 677
1  Introduction......Page 679
2  Golf in the U.S.—The Early Years......Page 680
3  The Democratization of Golf in the U.S.......Page 681
4  The Latest Growth Era......Page 682
5  Golf Consumer Research......Page 684
6  Strategic Planning......Page 686
7  Summary and Conclusions......Page 687
1.  Introduction......Page 688
2.  Market Research......Page 689
3.1  The strategic level......Page 690
3.2.3  Supply......Page 691
3.3  Implications......Page 692
4.3  Analysis of Residuals Method......Page 693
5.  General observations......Page 694
6.1  The Appraisal/Valuation Method......Page 695
6.3  A hypothetical case study......Page 696
7.  CONCLUSIONS......Page 697
8.  REFERENCES......Page 698
1.  Introduction......Page 699
2.1  Golf Demand......Page 700
2.2  Golf Supply......Page 701
2.3  Management Style and Playing Fee......Page 702
3.1  Yotaku Deposit......Page 704
3.3  Golf Membership Market......Page 705
References......Page 706
85  Market appraisals for new golf projects......Page 707
1  Introduction......Page 708
2  National Context......Page 709
3  Project Appraisals......Page 711
4  Conclusion......Page 714
References......Page 715
1  Introduction......Page 716
3  Golf Facility Supply......Page 717
4  Golf Demand......Page 718
6  Applications of the Database of Golf in America Sales Analysis......Page 720
7  Golf Travel......Page 721
8  Tournament Site Selection......Page 722
9  Analyzing New Construction Trends......Page 723
10  Theoretical Concerns......Page 727
11  References......Page 729
1  Introduction......Page 730
2.2  Growth in golf in continental Europe......Page 731
3  The profile of European golfers......Page 732
5  Geodemographics and their use in golf facility targeting......Page 734
6  Conclusion......Page 736
88  Spectators’ views of PGA golf events......Page 737
1  Introduction......Page 738
3  Results......Page 739
3.1  Gender differences......Page 740
3.4  Tour differences......Page 741
5  References......Page 742
1  Introduction......Page 744
2  Accessibility and Exclusiveness......Page 745
3  Paternalism and Modernity......Page 747
4  Pay as you Play—Hopes for a Mass Game......Page 748
5  References......Page 751
1  Introduction......Page 753
2  Purpose......Page 754
3  Golf and land......Page 755
4  Anti-golf......Page 756
5  Traditional views......Page 757
7  Consequences of change......Page 758
8  The example of Japan......Page 759
11  Conclusion......Page 760
References......Page 761
91  Discipline and flourish: golf as a civilising process?......Page 762
2.  Golf as a Civilising Process? The Links of History......Page 763
3.  Golf as a Disciplinary Process: Links to the Present......Page 766
4.  Golf in the Modern Kingdom: A Civilised Discipline?......Page 768
References......Page 769
1  Growth of golf reportage......Page 771
3  Current practice......Page 772
4  Changes in ownership......Page 773
6  Decline of specialist golf writers......Page 774
7  The impact of television......Page 775
9  Importance of audience type......Page 776
11  Television and other coverage......Page 777
12  Conclusion......Page 778
References......Page 779
Index......Page 782