Schaum's Outlines: Statistics in Psychology (Schaum's Outline Series)

Contents......Page 10
Population and Sample......Page 12
Scales of Measurement......Page 13
Discrete and Continuous Variables......Page 14
Statistical Software......Page 16
Frequency Distribution Tables......Page 36
Frequency Distribution Graphs......Page 37
Shape of a Frequency Distribution......Page 39
Percentiles and Quartiles......Page 40
Dot Plots......Page 41
Stem-and-Leaf Displays......Page 42
Box Plots......Page 43
Pie Charts and Bar Charts......Page 45
Mean......Page 62
Median......Page 63
Choosing the Correct Measure of Central Tendency......Page 64
Central Tendency Measures and Their Relationship to the Shape of the Distribution......Page 66
Measures of Central Tendency and Statistical Software......Page 67
Variance and Standard Deviation of Samples and Populations......Page 80
Alternate Formula for Variance and Standard Deviation......Page 82
Properties of the Variance and the Standard Deviation......Page 83
Interquartile and Semi-Interquartile Range......Page 84
Mean Deviation......Page 85
Comparing Measures of Variability......Page 86
Measures of Variability and Statistical Software......Page 87
Z-Scores......Page 100
What Effect Does Transforming the Raw Scores to Z-Scores Have on the Shape of the Distribution?......Page 101
Mean and Standard Deviation of the Z-Scores......Page 102
Converting a Distribution with Mean = M[sub(1)] and Standard Deviation = σ[sub(1)] to a Distribution Having Mean = M[sub(2)] and Standard Deviation = σ[sub(2)]......Page 103
Experiment, Sample Space, Events, and Probability......Page 116
The Additive Rule and Mutually Exclusive Events......Page 117
The Multiplicative Rule and Independent Events......Page 118
Probability and the Binomial Distribution......Page 119
Using Excel to Find Binomial Probabilities......Page 120
Probability and the Normal Distribution Using EXCEL......Page 121
Using a Table of the Normal Distribution......Page 124
Population Distribution, Population Mean, Population Variance, and Population Standard Deviation......Page 136
The Distribution of Sample Means......Page 137
Sample Mean Distribution, Mean of the Sample Mean, and Variance of the Sample Mean......Page 139
Standard Error of the Mean......Page 140
The Central Limit Theorem (Putting It All Together)......Page 141
Research Problems in Psychology......Page 152
Reaching a Decision......Page 153
Type 1 and Type 2 Errors......Page 154
One- and Two-Tailed Tests......Page 155
Summarizing the z-Test for Testing Hypotheses......Page 156
Using Software to Perform the z-Test......Page 157
The Relationship between the z- and t-Distributions......Page 169
Areas under the t-Distribution......Page 170
t-Test Using SPSS......Page 172
What Is the Meaning of a Confidence Interval?......Page 173
Independent Samples Versus Related Samples......Page 184
The t-Test for Independent Samples Worked by Hand......Page 186
SPSS and the t-Test for Independent Samples......Page 188
Two Related Samples......Page 199
The t-Test for the Repeated Measures Design Worked by Hand......Page 200
SPSS and the Paired t-Test for Repeated Measures......Page 201
The t-Test for the Matched Pairs Design Worked by Hand......Page 202
SPSS and the t-Test for Matched Pairs......Page 203
Answers to Supplementary Problems......Page 212
P......Page 248
Z......Page 249