Scandinavia in the Middle Ages 900-1550: Between Two Oceans

Cover
Half Title
	Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Maps
List of Illustrations
Introduction
PART I: 900–1200: Formation
	1 Coming of the Kingdoms
		The Kingdoms and Conversion
		Denmark: Conquest and Christianisation – Swift or Slow?
		The North Sea Empire
		Norway: The Long Land Unified by Christianity
		Saint Olaf
		Sweden: The Kingdoms of the Goths and of the Sveas
		Iceland: The Lands without Kings
		Greenland: Northerners in a New Environment
		The Period of Civil Wars
		An Especially Violent Period in Scandinavian History?
		Royal Administrators
		Military Organisation
		Watch Towers and Castles
	2 Coming of Christ
		Before Christianity
		Western Christianity 900–1200
		The Danish Church 900–1200
		The Norwegian Church 900–1200
		The Icelandic Church 900–1200
		The Swedish Church 900–1200
		The Finnish Church 900–1200
		The Long Arms of the Papacy
			The General Church Councils
			The Papal Curia
			Papal Representatives
			Ecclesiastical Administration at Local Level
			Inquisition
		Ecclesiastical Norms
		Ecclesiastical Justice
		Sin and Absolution
		Clerical Stand and Monastic Orders
			Monastic Orders
			Canons Regular
			Military Orders
			Mendicants
			Embarking Upon the Monastic Lifestyle and the Choice of the Right Order
			Monasteries and Medieval Society
	3 Tilling the Land – The Local Economy
		The Spread of Agriculture
		Population and Family Structure
		Life in the Countryside
		Agriculture, Fishing, and Hunting
		The Self-Sufficient Economy and Local Market
	4 Cultural Tradition and Transition
		Romanesque Architecture
		Romanesque Arts
		The Coming of Writing
			Oral Tradition – Scaldic and Eddic Poetry and Sagas
			Liturgical Literature
		Mortality, Illnesses, and Life Expectance
		Food and Drink
		Clothing
PART II: 1200–1400: Consolidation and Restructuring
	5 Dominion over the Seas
		Military Revolution and Expansion into the Baltic
		Naval Revolution
		Expansion in the Baltic
			The Danish Baltic Empire
			A Traitor: The Black Count Henry of Schwerin
		Swedish Colonisation and Crusades
		Expansion into the North Atlantic – The Norwegian Dominium
		Killing Kings
		Inter-Scandinavian Marriages and Raids
		Models for Governance
		Legal Development
			From Oral to Written, from Provincial to National Laws
			Issues Regulated by Law
			Legal Practice
		1319 – The Year That Everything Changed
		Denmark Pawned and Redeemed
		Wars with the Hansa, and among the Scandinavian Kingdoms
	6 Consolidation of the Church
		The Western Church 1200–1400
		The Danish Church 1200–1400
		The Norwegian Church 1200–1400
		The Icelandic Church 1200–1400
		The Swedish Church 1200–1400
		The Finnish Church 1200–1400
		Saints
		Relics
		Pilgrimage
		Crusades
	7 Economic Growth and Fall – Urbanisation and Agrarian Crisis
		Urbanisation
		Towns on the Coast
		Urban Environment
		Trade in Towns: Local and International
		The Monetary Economy
		Progress and Prosperity: Technological Innovations of the 13th Century
		The Economic Crisis of the 14th Century
			The Plague
			The Climate Change
			The Agricultural Crisis
			The Lack of Labour
	8 Cultural Universalism
		Gothic Architecture
		Gothic Arts
		Literature
		Education and Learning
			Local Education
		University Education
		Scandinavian University Students
		Student Life
PART III: 1400–c. 1550: Power in Crises
	9 Rise and Fall of the Kalmar Union
		The Scandinavian Union – The Apogee of Scandinavian Power, or a Colossus with Clay Feet?
		Licence to Crusade – Even Against Christians
		The Early Union in International Politics
		Conflict and Commerce
		The Bloodbath and the Shining Light of the Gospel
	10 Fall of the Church
		The Western Church 1400–1550
		The Danish Church 1400–1550
		The Norwegian Church 1400–1550
		The Icelandic Church 1400–1550
		The Swedish Church 1400–1550
		The Finnish Church 1400–1550
		Church and Everyday Life – Sacraments Signposting the Christian Life
			Birth and Baptism
			Adolescence and Confirmation
			Lifelong Practice: Eucharist and Confession
			Adulthood and Marriage
			Priests, Monks, and Nuns: Ordination
			Old Age: Preparations for Death and the Last Unction
		The Rhythm of Life
	11 Economic Expansion – The International Market Economy
		The Hanseatic League
		The Internationalisation of Commerce: Transnational Commercial Networks and Routes
		Harvesting Lakes and Seas: Professional Fishing in Scandinavia
		The Mining Industry
		International Banking and Money Transfer
		Guilds
	12 A Revolution in Communication
		Late Gothic Architecture
		Late Gothic Arts
		Literature – the Printing Revolution
		Medieval Music in Scandinavia
The Medieval Legacy
Sources and Literature
	Databases
	Journals
	Sources
	Literature
Index