Scaling in Ecology with a Model System

Cover
Scaling in Ecology with a Model System
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations
1. Introduction: Why Scale?
	1.1 Time and Space
	1.2 Genes to Ecosystems
	1.3 Modeling: Metabolic Theory and Macroecology
	1.4 Mechanisms at Scales
	1.5 Organisms as Model Systems
	1.6 Summary
Part I Ecophysiology, Nutrient Limitation, and Stoichiometry
	2. Context: Nutrient Limitation, the Evolution of Botanical Carnivory, and Environmental Change
		2.1 Background
			2.1.1 Nutrient Acquisition, Plant Traits, and the Evolution of Botanical Carnivory
			2.1.2 Anthropogenic Activities Alter Resource Availability and Fluxes
		2.2 Next Steps
	3. The Small World: Stoichiometry and Nutrient Limitation in Pitcher Plants and Other Phytotelmata
		3.1 Stoichiometric Manipulations of Sarracenia
			3.1.1 Effects of Soluble N from Atmospheric Sources
			3.1.2 Effects of Nutrient Inputs from Supplemental Prey
			3.1.3 Synthesis of Supplemental Feeding Experiments
		3.2 Nutrient Additions in Other Phytotelmata
		3.3 Summary
	4. Scaling Up: Stoichiometry, Traits, and the Place of Sarracenia in Global Spectra of Plant Traits
		4.1 Global Plant Trait Spectra
			4.1.1 Traits
			4.1.2 Trait Data
		4.2 Carnivorous Plants in Global Trait Spectra
			4.2.1 Nutrient Concentrations
			4.2.2 Nutrient Stoichiometry
			4.2.3 Stoichiometric Effects of Supplemental Prey on Carnivorous Plants
			4.2.4 Stoichiometric Effects of Adding Inorganic Nutrients to Carnivorous Plants
			4.2.5 Photosynthesis and Construction Costs
		4.3 Synthesis
Part II Demography, Global Change, and Species Distribution Models
	5. Context: Demography, Global Change, and the Changing Distributions of Species
		5.1 Background
		5.2 SDMs, Demography, and Anthropogenic Drivers: Moving Beyond Temperature
			5.2.1 Weak Responses to Temperature
			5.2.2 Nutrient Enrichment as Another Global-Change Driver
			5.2.3 The Importance of Demographic Effects
		5.3 Next Steps
	6. The Small World: Demography of a Long-Lived Perennial Carnivorous Plant
		6.1 Demographic Models of Sarracenia purpurea
			6.1.1 A Deterministic, Stage-Based Demographic Model for Sarracenia purpurea
			6.1.2 Stochastic Stage-Based Models
		6.2 Experimental Demography
		6.3 Demography in a Changing World
			6.3.1 Forecasting Nitrogen Deposition
			6.3.2 Linking N-Deposition Rates to Stage-Transition Matrices
			6.3.3 Modeling Population Growth
			6.3.4 The Future Is Now: Nitrogen Deposition and Extinction Risk in 2020
		6.4 Summary
	7. Scaling Up: Incorporating Demography and Extinction Risk into Species Distribution Models
		7.1 Available Data
			7.1.1 Sarracenia purupurea Occurrence Data
			7.1.2 Environmental and Climatic Data
		7.2 Continental Scaling of Demographic Models
			7.2.1 Challenges and Simplifying Assumptions
			7.2.2 Including P Introduced Additional Complexity
			7.2.3 Continental Forecasts for S. purpurea Persistence
		7.3 Forecasting the Future Distribution of Sarracenia purpurea
			7.3.1 A MaxEnt Model for Sarracenia purpurea
			7.3.2 Comparison of Forecasts of Demographic and MaxEnt Models
		7.4 Additional Forecasting Scenarios, Past and Future
		7.5 Synthesis
Part III Ecology of the Sarracenia Community
	8. Context: Community Ecology, Community Ecologies, and Communities of Ecologists
		8.1 Background
			8.1.1 What Is an Ecological Community?
			8.1.2 Substituting Space for Time, and Vice Versa
			8.1.3 The Importance of Networks
		8.2 Next Steps
	9. The Small World: Structure and Dynamics of Inquiline Food Webs in Sarracenia purpurea
		9.1 Composition and Structure of the Sarracenia purpurea Food Web
			9.1.1 The Inquilines
			9.1.2 Network Structure of the Sarracenia purpurea Food Web
		9.2 Co-occurrence Analysis of Sarracenia purpurea Inquilines
			9.2.1 Quantifying and Testing Inquiline Co-occurrence
		9.3 Succession of the Inquiline Food Web
		9.4 Dynamics of the Sarracenia purpurea Food Web
			9.4.1 Temporal Changes in Food-Web Structure
			9.4.2 A Model of Food-Web Temporal Dynamics
		9.5 Summary
	10. Scaling Up: The Generality of the Sarracenia Food Web and Its Value as a Model Experimental System
		10.1 The Sarracenia Food Web and Other Container Webs Are “Normal” Food Webs
			10.1.1 Food-Web Data
			10.1.2 Food-Web Structure
		10.2 Spatial Scaling of the Sarracenia purpurea Food Web
		10.3 The Sarracenia purpurea Food Web as a Model Experimental System for Understanding and Managing Food Webs
			10.3.1 Fishing Down the Sarracenia Food Web
			10.3.2 Is Wyeomyia smithii a Keystone Predator?
			10.3.3 Dynamic Food Webs in Dynamic Habitats
		10.4 Synthesis
Part IV Tempests in Teapots
	11. Context: Tipping Points and Regime Shifts
		11.1 Background
			11.1.1 Examples of Regime Shifts and Alternative States
			11.1.2 Linking Empirical Data with Mathematical Models of Alternative States
		11.2 A Potential Need for Interventions
		11.3 Next Steps
	12. The Small World: Tipping Points and Regime Shifts in the Sarracenia Microecosystem
		12.1 State Changes in the Sarracenia Microecosystem
			12.1.1 Temporal Dynamics of Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions in Sarracenia purpurea Pitchers
			12.1.2 An Alternative Approach
		12.2 Summary
	13. Scaling Up: Using *omics to Identify Ecosystem States and Transitions
		13.1 Protein Surveys of the Sarracenia Microecosystem
		13.2 Proteomics of Sarracenia Fed Supplemental Prey
		13.3 The Cybernetics and Information Content of the S. purpurea Proteome
		13.4 Early Warning Indicators, Hysteresis, and the Twisted Path of Funded Research
			13.4.1 Hysteresis, Environmental Tracking, and Anti-hysteresis in the Sarracenia Microecosystem
		13.5 Synthesis
	14. Conclusion: Whither Sarracenia?
		14.1 Resources, Nutrients, and Stoichiometry
		14.2 Demography and Species Distributions
		14.3 Food Webs and Other Networks
		14.4 Tipping Points, Regime Shifts, and Alternative States
Appendices
	Appendix A: The Natural History of Sarracenia and Its Microecosystem
	Appendix B: The Basics of Resource Limitation
	Appendix C: Deterministic Stage-Based Models
	Appendix D: The Basics of Species Distribution Models
	Appendix E: A Brief History and Précis of Methods for Analyzing Ecological Communities
	Appendix F: On Tipping Points and Regime Shifts
	Appendix G: On Biodiversity, Ecosystem Function, and *omics
Notes
References
Subject Index
Taxonomic Index