Satellite Networking: Principles and Protocols

Satellite Networking......Page 4
Contents......Page 10
List of Tables......Page 22
List of Figures......Page 24
Preface......Page 30
Acknowledgements......Page 34
1.1 Applications and services of satellite networks......Page 36
1.1.1 Roles of satellite networks......Page 37
1.1.3 Satellite network interfaces......Page 39
1.2.1 Fixed satellite service (FSS)......Page 40
1.3.1 Interactive services......Page 41
1.3.2 Distribution services......Page 42
1.4.1 World wide web (WWW)......Page 43
1.4.4 Electronic mail (email)......Page 44
1.4.7 Domain name system (DNS)......Page 45
1.5 Circuit-switching network......Page 46
1.5.2 Signalling......Page 47
1.5.4 Transmission multiplexing hierarchy based on TDM......Page 48
1.5.5 Space switching and time switching......Page 50
1.6 Packet-switching networks......Page 51
1.6.1 Connection-oriented approach......Page 52
1.6.2 Connectionless approach......Page 53
1.6.3 Relationship between circuit switching and packet switching......Page 54
1.6.6 Complexity and heterogeneous networks......Page 55
1.6.8 Impact of bit level errors on packet level......Page 56
1.7.2 Layering principle......Page 57
1.7.3 Functions of the seven layers......Page 58
1.8.2 Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)......Page 59
1.8.4 The reference model......Page 60
1.9 Internet protocols reference model......Page 61
1.9.5 Problems: no QoS and no control on resources......Page 62
1.10.4 Space segment......Page 63
1.10.6 Satellite orbits......Page 65
1.10.7 Satellite transmission frequency bands......Page 66
1.11 Characteristics of satellite networks......Page 67
1.11.2 Propagation loss and power limited......Page 68
1.12.2 The Shannon theorem for noise channels......Page 69
1.12.3 Channel capacity boundary......Page 70
1.12.5 Shannon bandwidth efficiency for large E(b)/N(0)......Page 71
1.13.3 Switches at the physical, link and network layers......Page 72
1.13.5 Protocol translation, stacking and tunnelling......Page 73
1.13.7 End-user QoS class and requirements......Page 74
1.13.9 QoS and NP for satellite networking......Page 75
1.14.1 The DVB standards......Page 77
1.14.2 DVB-S satellite delivery......Page 78
1.14.4 Transport stream (TS)......Page 79
1.14.6 Satellite channel adaptation......Page 80
1.14.7 DVB return channel over satellite (DVB-RCS)......Page 81
1.15.2 Development of local area networks (LANs)......Page 82
1.15.6 Development of broadband integrated networks......Page 83
1.16.2 Early satellite communications: TV and telephony......Page 84
1.16.8 Internet over satellite networks......Page 85
1.17.1 Convergence of services and applications in user terminals......Page 86
1.17.3 Convergence of network protocols......Page 87
Exercises......Page 88
2 Satellite Orbits and Networking Concepts......Page 90
2.1.2 Newton’s three laws of motion and the universal law of gravity......Page 91
2.1.3 Kepler’s first law: satellite orbits......Page 92
2.1.4 Kepler’s second law: area swept by a satellite vector......Page 94
2.1.6 Satellite velocity......Page 95
2.2.2 Eccentricity (e)......Page 96
2.2.3 Inclination of orbit (i)......Page 97
2.3.1 Geosynchronous earth orbits......Page 98
2.3.3 High elliptical orbits (HEOs)......Page 99
2.3.4 Notations of low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations......Page 100
2.3.6 Satellite altitude and coverage......Page 101
2.3.8 Coverage calculations......Page 102
2.3.9 Distance and propagation delay from earth station to satellite......Page 103
2.4 Satellite link characteristics and modulations for transmissions......Page 104
2.4.2 Modulation techniques......Page 106
2.4.3 Phase shift keying (PSK) schemes for satellite transmissions......Page 107
2.4.5 Quadrature PSK (QPSK)......Page 108
2.4.6 Gaussian-filtered minimum shift keying (GMSK)......Page 109
2.4.8 Satellite networking in the physical layer......Page 110
2.5 Forward error correction (FEC)......Page 112
2.5.2 Cyclic codes......Page 113
2.5.4 Concatenated codes......Page 114
2.5.5 Turbo codes......Page 115
2.6 Multiple access techniques......Page 116
2.6.2 Time division multiple access (TDMA)......Page 118
2.7 Bandwidth allocation......Page 119
2.7.2 Demand assignment......Page 120
2.8.2 Multi-hop satellite connections......Page 121
2.8.3 Inter-satellite links (ISL)......Page 123
2.8.4 Handovers......Page 124
2.8.5 Satellite intra-beam and inter-beam handovers......Page 125
2.8.6 Earth fixed coverage vs. satellite fixed coverage......Page 126
2.8.8 Internetworking......Page 127
2.8.9 Satellite availability and diversity......Page 128
Exercises......Page 129
3.1 ATM protocol and fundamental concepts......Page 132
3.1.2 Queuing delay......Page 134
3.1.3 Compromise solution between North America and Europe......Page 135
3.2.2 The VPI and VCI fields......Page 136
3.2.3 The CLP field......Page 138
3.3 ATM adaptation layer (AAL)......Page 139
3.3.1 AAL1 for class A......Page 140
3.3.4 AAL5 for Internet protocol......Page 142
3.4.2 The transmission convergence (TC) sublayer......Page 144
3.4.5 ATM over synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)......Page 145
3.4.6 ATM over DS1......Page 147
3.5.1 User–network access......Page 148
3.5.2 Network node interconnections......Page 149
3.5.3 ATM DXI......Page 150
3.5.5 Permanent virtual connections vs. switched virtual connections......Page 151
3.5.7 ATM addressing......Page 152
3.5.8 Address registration......Page 153
3.6 Network traffic, QoS and performance issues......Page 154
3.6.3 Performance issues......Page 155
3.7 Network resource management......Page 156
3.7.3 Priority control and congestion control......Page 157
3.7.6 Leaky bucket algorithm (LBA)......Page 158
3.7.7 Virtual scheduling algorithm (VSA)......Page 161
3.8.1 Internet networking basics......Page 162
3.8.4 The IP packet format......Page 163
3.8.5 IP address......Page 165
3.8.6 Mapping between Internet and physical network addresses......Page 166
3.8.9 The interior gateway routing protocol (IGRP)......Page 167
3.9.1 Transmission control protocol (TCP)......Page 168
3.9.2 The TCP segment header format......Page 169
3.9.3 Connection set up and data transmission......Page 170
3.9.4 Congestion and flow control......Page 171
3.9.5 User datagram protocol (UDP)......Page 172
3.10 IP and ATM internetworking......Page 173
3.10.1 LAN emulation (LANE)......Page 174
3.10.3 LANE entity communications......Page 175
3.10.5 Packet encapsulation......Page 176
3.10.6 IP and ATM address resolution......Page 177
Further reading......Page 178
Exercises......Page 179
4.1 Networking concepts......Page 180
4.2.2 Public network......Page 182
4.2.4 IP based network......Page 183
4.3.1 Network terminals......Page 184
4.3.3 Network connections......Page 185
4.3.5 Reference configurations......Page 186
4.4.1 User traffic and network services......Page 187
4.4.3 In-band signalling......Page 189
4.4.4 Out-of-band signalling......Page 190
4.4.6 ITU-T signalling system No. 7 (ITU-T SS7)......Page 191
4.4.8 Network operation systems and mediation functions......Page 193
4.5.1 Analogue telephony networks......Page 195
4.5.2 Telephony network traffic engineering concept......Page 196
4.5.4 On-board circuit switching......Page 197
4.6.1 Digital multiplexing hierarchy......Page 198
4.6.2 Satellite digital transmission and on-board switching......Page 199
4.6.4 Limitations of the PDH......Page 200
4.7 Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)......Page 201
4.7.2 The SDH standards......Page 202
4.7.3 Mapping from PDH to SDH......Page 203
4.7.5 Synchronous operation......Page 204
4.7.7 SDH over satellite – the Intelsat scenarios......Page 206
4.8.1 Basic rate interface (BRI)......Page 208
4.8.2 Primary rate interface (PRI)......Page 209
4.8.3 ISDN physical layer (layer 1)......Page 210
4.8.5 ISDN network layer (layer 3)......Page 211
4.9.1 ITU-T ISDN hypothetical reference connection (IRX)......Page 212
4.9.2 ITU-R hypothetical reference digital path (HRDP) for satellite......Page 213
4.9.4 Satellite network to ISDN interconnection scenarios......Page 214
4.9.5 Routing plan......Page 215
4.10 Interworking with heterogeneous networks......Page 218
4.10.3 Routing......Page 219
Further reading......Page 220
Exercises......Page 221
5.1 Background......Page 222
5.1.2 Satellite services in the B-ISDN networking environment......Page 223
5.2.1 Propagation delay......Page 225
5.2.2 Attenuation and constraints......Page 226
5.3.1 The ground segment......Page 227
5.3.2 The space segment......Page 228
5.3.3 Satellite bandwidth resource management......Page 229
5.3.5 Network policing functions......Page 230
5.4 Advanced satellite ATM networks......Page 231
5.4.2 On-board processing (OBP) characteristics......Page 232
5.4.3 The ATM on-board switch......Page 233
5.4.4 Multibeam satellites......Page 234
5.4.6 Inter-satellite links (ISL)......Page 236
5.4.8 Use of higher frequency spectrum......Page 237
5.5.2 ATM performance parameters......Page 238
5.5.3 Impact of satellite burst errors on the ATM layer......Page 240
5.5.4 Impact of burst errors on AAL protocols......Page 242
5.5.5 Error control mechanisms......Page 243
5.5.6 Enhancement techniques for satellite ATM networks......Page 244
5.6 Evolution of ATM satellite systems......Page 245
Exercises......Page 247
6.1 Different viewpoints of satellite networking......Page 248
6.1.1 Protocol-centric viewpoint of satellite IP network......Page 249
6.1.2 Satellite-centric viewpoint of global networks and the Internet......Page 250
6.1.3 Network-centric viewpoint of satellite networks......Page 251
6.2.2 High-level data link control (HDLC) protocol......Page 252
6.2.3 Point-to-point protocol (PPP)......Page 253
6.3 Satellite IP networking......Page 254
6.3.2 IP mobility in satellite networks......Page 256
6.4.1 IP multicast......Page 258
6.4.4 IP multicast routing......Page 260
6.4.6 IGMP behaviour in satellite environments......Page 262
6.4.7 Multicast routing protocols in a satellite environment......Page 263
6.4.8 Reliable multicast protocols over satellites......Page 265
6.5.2 Single-direction hashing functions......Page 266
6.5.4 Asymmetrical codes (with public/private keys)......Page 267
6.6.1 IP security (IPsec)......Page 269
6.6.3 IP multicast security......Page 270
6.7 DVB over satellite......Page 271
6.7.1 MPEG-2 source coding and multiplexing DVB-S streams......Page 272
6.7.2 DVB over satellite (DVB-S)......Page 273
6.7.3 DVB security......Page 274
6.7.4 Conditional access in DVB-S......Page 275
6.7.5 DVB-RCS interactive service and IP over DVB......Page 276
6.7.6 DVB-RCS security......Page 277
6.8 Internet quality of service (IP QoS)......Page 278
6.8.1 Layered model of performance for IP service......Page 279
6.8.2 IP packet transfer performance parameters......Page 280
6.8.3 IP network performance objectives for QoS classes......Page 281
6.9 Integrated services (Intserv) architectures for QoS......Page 282
6.9.1 Integrated services architecture (ISA) principles......Page 283
6.9.2 The resource reservation protocol (RSVP)......Page 284
6.10 Differentiated services (Diffserv) for QoS......Page 286
6.10.1 DSA principles......Page 287
6.10.2 Traffic classification......Page 288
6.10.4 Diffserv per hop behaviour (PHB)......Page 289
6.10.5 Supporting Intserv across the satellite network Diffserv domain......Page 291
Exercises......Page 293
7 Impact of Satellite Networks on Transport Layer Protocols......Page 296
7.1.1 Application characteristics......Page 297
7.1.3 Satellite network configurations......Page 298
7.1.4 TCP and satellite channel characteristics......Page 299
7.1.5 TCP flow control, congestion control and error recovery......Page 300
7.2 TCP performance analysis......Page 301
7.2.2 TCP transmission in the slow-start stage......Page 302
7.2.3 TCP transmission in congestion avoidance stage......Page 303
7.3 Slow-start enhancement for satellite networks......Page 304
7.3.2 Slow start and delayed acknowledgement (ACK)......Page 305
7.3.4 Terminating slow start......Page 306
7.4.1 Fast retransmission and fast recovery......Page 307
7.4.3 SACK based enhancement mechanisms......Page 308
7.4.5 ACK filtering......Page 309
7.4.6 Explicit congestion notification......Page 310
7.4.8 Congestion avoidance enhancement......Page 311
7.5 Enhancements for satellite networks using interruptive mechanisms......Page 312
7.5.2 Cascading TCP or split TCP......Page 313
7.6.1 Bulk transfer protocols......Page 314
7.6.3 Interactive protocols......Page 315
7.6.4 Distributed methods for providing Internet services and applications......Page 316
7.6.5 Web caching in satellite networks......Page 317
7.7.1 Basics of RTP......Page 318
7.7.2 RTP control protocol (RTCP)......Page 320
7.7.3 Sender report (SR) packets......Page 321
7.7.6 SAP and SIP protocols for session initiations......Page 323
7.7.7 Session directory service (SDS)......Page 325
7.8.4 Multimedia conferencing (MMC)......Page 326
Further reading......Page 327
Exercises......Page 328
8 Next Generation Internet (NGI) over Satellite......Page 330
8.2.1 Internet integrated services......Page 331
8.2.2 Elastic and inelastic traffic......Page 332
8.3 Traffic modelling and characterisation......Page 333
8.3.2 Scope of traffic modelling......Page 334
8.3.5 Markov models......Page 335
8.3.7 Auto-regressive and moving average traffic models......Page 336
8.4.1 The world wide web (WWW)......Page 337
8.4.3 Fractional Brownian motion (FBM) process......Page 339
8.4.4 Consideration of user behaviour in traffic modelling......Page 340
8.4.5 Voice traffic modelling......Page 341
8.4.6 On-off model for voice traffic......Page 343
8.4.7 Video traffic modelling......Page 344
8.4.8 Multi-layer modelling for internet WWW traffic......Page 346
8.5.1 Traffic engineering principles......Page 347
8.5.2 Internet traffic engineering......Page 349
8.6.1 MPLS forwarding paradigm......Page 351
8.6.2 MPLS basic operation......Page 353
8.6.3 MPLS and Diffserv interworking......Page 356
8.6.4 MPLS and ATM interworking......Page 357
8.6.5 MPLS with traffic engineering (MPLS-TE)......Page 358
8.7.1 Basics of internet protocol version 6 (IPv6)......Page 359
8.7.2 IPv6 addressing......Page 361
8.7.4 IPv6 transitions......Page 364
8.7.6 The 6to4 translation via satellite networks......Page 365
8.7.8 Future development of satellite networking......Page 367
Further reading......Page 369
Exercises......Page 370
Index......Page 372