Sap R/3 Administrator's Handbook

The SAP R/3 Handbook, Second Edition......Page 16
Table of Contents......Page 2
Preface......Page 17
 SAP AG: The Company Behind R/3......Page 19
 Profile and Evolution......Page 20
 Strategy and Products......Page 21
 R/3 Release 3.1......Page 23
 R/3 Release 4.0......Page 24
 SAP Transformation: From a Single-Product Company to a Global Business Solutions Company......Page 26
 SAP Industry Solutions......Page 28
 The Emergence of the New Dimension Products......Page 29
 Solution Maps......Page 30
 SAPnet-R/3 Front End (OSS)......Page 31
 Partners......Page 33
 SAP Services Overview......Page 34
 Description of R/3......Page 35
 Multitier Client/Server Solutions......Page 37
 Open Technology......Page 38
 User Interface......Page 39
 ABAP Development Workbench......Page 40
 Customizing Tools......Page 41
 R/3 Business Engineer......Page 42
 Financial Applications......Page 43
 Human Resources Applications......Page 45
 Logistics Applications......Page 46
 Cross Application Modules......Page 49
 R/3 Basis Software......Page 51
 Transaction......Page 52
 Logical Units of Work (LUWs)......Page 53
 Clients......Page 54
 Operating System Interface......Page 55
 The Dispatcher Process......Page 56
 Work Process Architecture......Page 57
 Services: Work Processes Types......Page 59
 Dialog Work Processes......Page 60
 Background Work Processes......Page 61
 Enqueue Work Process......Page 63
 Update Work Process......Page 65
 Message Server......Page 66
 Gateway Server......Page 67
 Database Interface......Page 68
 SAP R/3 Communication Protocols and Interfaces......Page 70
 Memory Management......Page 71
 Building the Client/Server SAP R/3 System......Page 73
 Overview......Page 75
 Elements in a SAP R/3 Installation......Page 76
 Installation Steps......Page 77
 Step 1: Sizing the System......Page 78
 Step 3: Checking Installation Requirements......Page 80
 Step 4: Installing Hardware, Base Software, and Configuring the Network......Page 81
 Step 5: R/3 Installation Notes......Page 82
 Step 6: Adapting Systems to SAP Requirements......Page 83
 Step 7: Designing the Layout of File Systems......Page 84
 Step 8: Installing the R3SETUP Tool......Page 89
 Step 9: Install Central Instance......Page 90
 Step 10: Install Database Software......Page 91
 Step 11: Build and Load the Database......Page 92
 Installing a Presentation Server On a Windows PC......Page 93
 Postinstallation Steps......Page 95
 Performing a Full Backup......Page 96
 Further Guidelines for Productive Environments......Page 97
 Considerations for Oracle VLDBs (Very Large Databases)......Page 98
 Centralized SAP Installations......Page 100
 The SAP Client/Server Architecture: Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 102
 SAP Servers......Page 103
 Guidelines for Distributed Configurations with the R/3 System......Page 104
 Directory Structure of R/3 Systems......Page 106
 Kernel Directory: What Do These Programs Do?......Page 108
 Profiles......Page 111
 Profile Types......Page 112
 Setting Up the Central System Log......Page 117
 Buffer Synchronization in Distributed Configurations......Page 118
 Central and Local Storage of Executable Files under UNIX......Page 119
 Starting and Stopping SAP R/3......Page 120
 Starting and Stopping R/3 Under Windows NT......Page 123
 Logon Groups Configuration......Page 124
 The SAPlogon Application......Page 126
 The Network in Distributed SAP R/3 Environments......Page 130
 Logging On and Off the System......Page 132
 Passwords......Page 134
 The User Interface: Main Elements of the R/3 Window......Page 136
 The Standard Toolbar......Page 138
 The Screen Layout Menu......Page 139
 Shortcuts......Page 146
 Working with R/3 User Sessions......Page 147
 Moving Around the R/3 System......Page 148
 Moving Around with Transaction Codes......Page 149
 Working with Information......Page 150
 Possible Entries for an Input Field......Page 151
 Facilities for Entering the Same Data Repeatedly......Page 152
 Input Field Default Values with User Parameters......Page 153
 Getting Help in the R/3 System......Page 154
 Working with Search Helps......Page 156
 Using Search Helps with the Fast Method......Page 158
 Working with Reports......Page 159
 Executing Reports......Page 160
 Working with Reports Variants......Page 161
 Working with Background Jobs......Page 163
 Scheduling Background Jobs......Page 164
 The Print Screen......Page 166
 Sending Short Messages......Page 168
 EnjoySAP User Features......Page 169
 Highlights......Page 171
 Overview of the Complete Process of Transporting Objects from a Source System to a Target System......Page 172
 SAP System Group......Page 174
 Transport Routes......Page 175
 Change Requests......Page 176
 Development Teams......Page 177
 Repairs and Original Objects......Page 178
 System Types......Page 179
 System Change Options......Page 180
 Functions of the Systems......Page 181
 System Types from the Perspective of the Workbench Organizer and Transport System......Page 182
 Managing Development Classes......Page 184
 Configuration of the Transport System......Page 185
 Step 1. Initializing the Change and Transport Organizer......Page 186
 Step 3. Configuring the Transport Management System (TMS)......Page 187
 Configuring Systems and Domains......Page 188
 Configuring Transport Routes......Page 191
 Distributing and Verifying TMS Configuration......Page 192
 Working with the Workbench Organizer......Page 193
 Creating Change Requests......Page 194
 Releasing Tasks and Requests......Page 195
 Transport Rules......Page 196
 Checking Transport Results......Page 198
 Workbench Organizer Tools......Page 200
 The Transport Organizer......Page 201
 Performing Transports with the TMS......Page 202
 Using tp, the Transport Control Program......Page 204
 Setting Up the tp Program......Page 205
 Overview of Options for the tp Program......Page 209
 Working with Imports Using tp......Page 210
 Managing Special Transports......Page 212
 Overview of the R3trans Program......Page 213
 Introduction to the Development Environment of the SAP R/3 System......Page 215
 Overview of the ABAP Workbench Tools......Page 216
 Basic Concepts of the Development Environment......Page 217
 Starting the ABAP Workbench......Page 218
 Working with the Repository Browser......Page 220
 Selecting Single Objects......Page 221
 Navigation Options......Page 222
 The Repository Information System......Page 223
 Performing Searches......Page 224
 The Application Hierarchy......Page 225
 Introduction to the ABAP Editor......Page 226
 Getting Started with the ABAP Editor......Page 227
 Specifying Program Attributes......Page 228
 The ABAP Source Code Editor......Page 229
 Saving Program Code......Page 232
 Checking Program Source Code......Page 233
 Editing Help Facilities......Page 234
 Special Navigation Tools......Page 235
 Introduction to the Screen Painter......Page 236
 Starting the Screen Painter......Page 237
 Using the Screen Painter......Page 238
 Generating a Screen......Page 244
 Main Menu Painter Objects......Page 245
 Starting the Menu Painter......Page 246
 Using the Menu Painter......Page 247
 Introduction to Area Menus......Page 250
 Function Builder Structure......Page 251
 Working with the Function Builder......Page 252
 Checking and Activating......Page 256
 Testing and Performance......Page 257
 Creating a SQL Trace......Page 258
 Analyzing a SQL Trace......Page 259
 Creating a Performance Data File (Runtime Analysis)......Page 261
 Analyzing a Performance Data File......Page 262
 Overview of the Workbench Debugging Tools......Page 263
 Elements of the ABAP Debugger......Page 264
 Breakpoints......Page 265
 Navigating Through Program Code......Page 266
 Displaying and Modifying Field Values......Page 267
 Displaying and Managing Internal Tables......Page 268
 Introduction to the ABAP Programming Language Features......Page 269
 Definition of Data Dictionary......Page 271
 The ABAP Dictionary in the R/3 Systems......Page 272
 The Relational Data Model......Page 273
 Concepts of the Relational Data Model......Page 274
 Relationship Types......Page 275
 Dependency Factors and Foreign Keys......Page 276
 Starting the ABAP Dictionary......Page 277
 Data Dictionary Objects......Page 278
 Pooled Tables, Table Pools, Cluster Tables, and Table Clusters......Page 280
 Working with Tables......Page 282
 Defining Fields......Page 284
 Keys and Primary Keys......Page 285
 Technical Settings......Page 286
 Indexes......Page 287
 Append Structures......Page 288
 Creating an Append Structure......Page 289
 Substructures......Page 290
 Data Elements......Page 291
 Working with Domains......Page 293
 Base Tables in Aggregate Objects......Page 295
 Working with Views......Page 296
 Case Study: Creating a Matchcode......Page 298
 Working with Lock Objects......Page 305
 Working with the Database Utility......Page 308
 Processing Types......Page 309
 Database Utility Functions with Matchcodes......Page 310
 Activation in the Dictionary......Page 311
 Adjusting Database Structures......Page 312
 How to Adjust a Table......Page 313
 Version Management in the ABAP Dictionary......Page 316
 The Versions Catalog......Page 317
 Creating a Search Help......Page 319
 Search Help Structure......Page 320
 Example: the USTU Collective Search Help......Page 321
 Overview of User Administration......Page 324
 Creating Users......Page 325
 User Master Records Fields......Page 328
 Available Defaults and Options for User Master Records......Page 329
 Modifying User Master Records......Page 331
 Users Information System......Page 332
 Password Restrictions and Requirements......Page 333
 Restricting Password Strings......Page 334
 User SAP*......Page 335
 The Authorization System in SAP R/3......Page 336
 Authorization Profiles......Page 337
 Authorizations......Page 338
 Authorization Fields......Page 339
 Activity Groups......Page 340
 The Activation Concept in Profiles and Authorizations......Page 341
 Case Study: From the Authorization Fields to the Profiles, a Practical Example......Page 342
 Working with the Profile Generator......Page 346
 How the Profile Generator Works......Page 347
 Configuring the Profile Generator......Page 348
 Basic Concepts for Working with Activity Groups......Page 349
 Creating Activity Groups......Page 350
 Predefined Profiles and Basis System Authorization Objects......Page 353
 Using the System Trace for Tracing Authorizations......Page 354
 Organizing the Maintenance of the Authorization System......Page 355
 Using Authorization Checks with Table TSTC......Page 356
 Using the ABAP AUTHORITY-CHECK......Page 357
 Technical Details: User-and Authorization System-Related Tables......Page 359
 Technical Details: System Profile Parameters for Managing Users and Authorizations......Page 360
 Basic SAP R/3 System Administration......Page 362
 Displaying and Monitoring the SAP Instances and Application Servers......Page 363
 Monitoring the System Work Processes......Page 364
 Monitoring and Managing User Sessions......Page 367
 Posting System Messages......Page 368
 Displaying and Managing Update Records......Page 369
 Distribution of Update Work Processes......Page 370
 Monitoring Update Records......Page 371
 Available Update Functions......Page 372
 Basic Troubleshooting with Updating......Page 374
 Displaying and Managing Lock Entries......Page 376
 Troubleshooting of Lock Entries......Page 377
 Working with the Client Copy Options......Page 379
 Creating a New Client......Page 380
 Requirements for Creating Clients and for the Copy Process......Page 383
 Copying a Client in the Same System......Page 384
 Deleting Clients......Page 385
 Transporting Clients Between Two SAP Systems......Page 386
 Copying Tables Entries Between Two Different Systems......Page 388
 The R/3 System Logs......Page 389
 The System Log Selection Criteria Screen......Page 391
 Displaying the Log Report......Page 392
 System Log Environment Utilities......Page 393
 Displaying ABAP Short Dumps......Page 394
 Using the System Trace......Page 396
 Using Developer Traces......Page 400
 Introduction to Common R/3 and CCMS Concepts......Page 403
 Administrator Duties with the CCMS......Page 404
 Maintaining Profiles......Page 405
 Profile Reference Server......Page 406
 Profile Maintenance Options......Page 407
 Example: Maintenance of an Instance Profile......Page 409
 Working with Operation Modes......Page 412
 Configuring Operation Modes......Page 413
 Define/Configure CCMS Instances......Page 414
 Assigning Operation Modes to Instances......Page 415
 Restrictions on Work Process Distribution......Page 416
 Configuring the Timetable for Operation Mode Switches......Page 417
 Operation Mode Switching......Page 418
 Technical Details: Operation Modes......Page 419
 Overview of the CCMS Monitors......Page 420
 The R/3 Control Panel......Page 421
 The System Monitor......Page 422
 Performance Monitors......Page 423
 Workload Monitor......Page 425
 Operating System Collector and Monitor......Page 428
 Buffer Performance Monitors......Page 431
 Color Coding in the Global Alert Monitor......Page 435
 System Log Thresholds......Page 439
 Chapter 12: Alert Monitors......Page 441
 Overview......Page 442
 Managing SAP System Alerts (3.x)......Page 446
 4.0 Monitoring Architecture......Page 449
 Monitoring Tree......Page 450
 Monitors and Monitor Sets......Page 451
 Navigating Across Monitors (Monitoring Tree)......Page 452
 Customizing Alerts......Page 455
 Customizing Tasks......Page 457
 Tool Definition and Release......Page 458
 Features with Later R/3 Releases......Page 460
 Introduction to Background Processing......Page 461
 Background Jobs......Page 462
 Defining Background Jobs......Page 463
 Job Definition Fields......Page 464
 Job Steps......Page 466
 Defining the Start Date and Time for the Job......Page 469
 Defining a Repeat Interval Period......Page 473
 Specifying the Spool List Recipient......Page 474
 Basic Management Operations on Background Jobs......Page 475
 The Job Status......Page 476
 Deleting Jobs......Page 477
 Authorizations for Background Jobs......Page 478
 Using the Graphical Job Monitoring Tool......Page 479
 Displaying the Job Log and Analyzing the Job Status......Page 480
 The CCMS Job Analysis Tools......Page 481
 Common Background Job Problems......Page 484
 Elements of the Printing System: Concepts of the SAP Spool System Architecture......Page 486
 The Spool Work Process......Page 488
 Spool Servers, Hierarchies, and Load Balancing......Page 489
 Defining Spool Server......Page 490
 Managing Spool Requests......Page 491
 Displaying and Modifying the Spool Request Attributes......Page 493
 Connecting Printers to the Operating Systems Spool......Page 494
 Defining R/3 Printer Devices......Page 495
 Logical R/3 Output Devices and Device Pools......Page 499
 Introduction to the SAP Access Methods......Page 501
 Definition and Logical Components of Output Devices......Page 502
 Defining New Device Types......Page 503
 Managing Printer Character Sets......Page 505
 Working with Print Controls......Page 507
 Managing Page Formats......Page 510
 Managing Formats......Page 511
 Device Initialization......Page 512
 Case Study: Defining a Printer and Creating a New Device Type for It......Page 513
 Initializing the Device Format......Page 516
 Front End Printing......Page 518
 The SAPLPD Driver Program......Page 519
 The Temporary Sequential (TemSe) Objects Database......Page 520
 Troubleshooting Printing Problems......Page 521
 Spool System Instance Profile Parameters......Page 522
 Overview......Page 524
 Introduction to the Oracle Database Architecture Under R/3 Systems......Page 525
 Oracle Environment Variables......Page 526
 Data Storage: Tablespaces and Data Files......Page 527
 Archived Redo Log Files......Page 530
 The Alert File......Page 531
 Oracle Memory Areas......Page 532
 Introduction to Oracle Background Processes......Page 533
 Startup and Shutdown of the Oracle Database......Page 534
 Introduction to Cost-Based Optimizer......Page 535
 SAP R/3 Database Administrator Common Tasks......Page 536
 Internal Database Users and Passwords......Page 537
 Command Mode sapdba......Page 538
 Configuring sapdba: The Initialization Profile init.dba......Page 540
 Using the sapdba Expert Mode......Page 541
 Starting and Shutting Down the Database from sapdba......Page 543
 Setting and Switching the Archive Log Mode......Page 545
 Tablespace Administration with sapdba......Page 546
 Checking the Free Space and Fragmentation of Tablespaces......Page 547
 Extending Tablespace Storage Space......Page 549
 Creating New Tablespaces......Page 552
 Introduction to Database Reorganizations Using sapdba......Page 553
 When Is a Reorganization Needed?......Page 554
 Analyzing Whether a Reorganization Is Needed......Page 555
 Reorganization Types......Page 557
 Storage Parameters......Page 559
 Avoiding Reorganizations: Changing Storage Parameters......Page 560
 Considerations Before Performing Reorganizations......Page 561
 Speeding Up Reorganizations......Page 562
 Running Reorganizations......Page 565
 Performing Reorganizations Using the sapdba Reorganization Menu......Page 566
 Restarting a Reorganization......Page 575
 Exporting and Importing Database Objects......Page 577
 Case Study: Guidelines for an Export/Import Procedure of a Customer Database......Page 579
 Backing Up the Database......Page 582
 The brbackup Menu Options......Page 584
 Archiving Backup Strategies and Requirements......Page 588
 The brarchive Menu Options......Page 589
 Consistent Online Backup......Page 592
 Standby Database Backup Scenario......Page 593
 Introduction to Database Restore and Recovery Concepts and Procedures......Page 594
 Recovery Concepts......Page 595
 Requirements for Database Recovery with sapdba Utilities......Page 596
 Partial Restore and Complete Recovery......Page 597
 Restoring and Recovering the Database: Further Options......Page 600
 Restoring Individual Files......Page 603
 Introduction to Recovery Functions Using SVRMGRL......Page 605
 What Does Implementing R/3 Mean?......Page 606
 Technical Implementation with ASAP......Page 608
 Getting Ready for Implementing and Supporting R/3: An Approach to Roles......Page 609
 Introduction to R/3 Technical Implementation......Page 613
 Introduction to a SAP R/3 Procedures Guide......Page 621
 The Administration and Operation Manual......Page 623
 Systems Management......Page 625
 Skills Sets for Systems Managers......Page 626
 Operation Checklist......Page 628
 Organizing the Workbench Organizer and Managing Transport Requests......Page 630
 An Approach to Backup Strategies in SAP Installations......Page 632
 Operating System Backup Utilities......Page 634
 The Triple-mirror Approach......Page 635
 An Introduction to High Availability and Cluster Systems......Page 636
 Performance and Tuning Basics......Page 637
 Workload Analysis......Page 638
 Introduction to Helpdesk......Page 639
 Supporting SAP: Troubleshooting......Page 641
 A Basic Technical Troubleshooting Handbook......Page 642
 SAP Operation and Maintenance Basic Laws......Page 644
 Remote Connections to SAP Support Servers......Page 646
 Guidelines for Establishing a Remote Connection to SAP Service Network......Page 647
 Configuring the Network Connection......Page 648
 SAProuter......Page 650
 Setting Up SAProuter......Page 651
 Remote Connection Security Issues......Page 656
 Highlights......Page 658
 The Sessions Overview: Selecting Sessions......Page 660
 Processing Batch Input Sessions......Page 661
 Results of Sessions Processing......Page 664
 Analyzing Batch Input Sessions......Page 665
 Displaying Session Logs......Page 666
 Locking and Unlocking Sessions......Page 667
 Batch Input Session Management Tasks......Page 668
 Common Batch Input Errors......Page 669
 Chapter 3: Installation Concepts and Guidelines......Page 670
 Chapter 5: Using SAP R/3......Page 671
 Chapter 7: Introduction to the ABAP Workbench......Page 672
 Chapter 8: ABAP Data Dictionary......Page 673
 Chapter 10: General Administration Utilities......Page 674
 Chapter 12: Alert Monitors......Page 675
 Chapter 14: The SAP Printing System......Page 676
 Chapter 15: SAP Administration for Oracle Databases......Page 677
 Appendix B: Managing Batch Input Sessions......Page 678
 Chapter 15: SAP Administration for Oracle Databases......Page 679
 Appendix B: Managing Batch Input Sessions......Page 680