Sampling: Design and Analysis

Contents......Page 3
Preface......Page 9
1.1 A Sample Controversy......Page 13
1.2 Requirements of a Good Sample......Page 14
1.3 Selection Bias......Page 16
1.4 Measurement Bias......Page 20
1.5 Questionnaire Design......Page 22
1.6 Sampling and Nonsampling Errors......Page 27
1.7 Exercises......Page 29
2.1 Types of Probability Samples......Page 35
2.2 Framework for Probability Sampling......Page 37
2.3 Simple Random Sampling......Page 42
2.4 Confidence Intervals......Page 47
2.5 Sample Size Estimation......Page 51
2.6 Systematic Sampling......Page 54
2.7 Randomization Theory Results for Simple Random Sampling*......Page 55
2.8 A Model for Simple Random Sampling*......Page 58
2.9 When Should a Simple Random Sample Be Used?......Page 61
2.10 Exercises......Page 62
3 Ratio and Regression Estimation......Page 71
3.1 Ratio Estimation......Page 72
3.2 Regression Estimation......Page 86
3.3 Estimation in Domains......Page 89
3.4 Models for Ratio and Regression Estimation*......Page 93
3.5 Comparison......Page 100
3.6 Exercises......Page 101
4.1 What Is Stratified Sampling?......Page 107
4.2 Theory of Stratified Sampling......Page 111
4.3 Sampling Weights......Page 115
4.4 Allocating Observations to Strata......Page 116
4.5 Defining Strata......Page 121
4.6 A Model for Stratified Sampling*......Page 125
4.7 Poststratification......Page 126
4.8 Quota Sampling......Page 127
4.9 Exercises......Page 130
5 Cluster Sampling with Equal Probabilities......Page 143
5.1 Notation for Cluster Sampling......Page 146
5.2 One-Stage Cluster Sampling......Page 148
5.3 Two-Stage Cluster Sampling......Page 157
5.4 Using Weights in Cluster Samples......Page 165
5.5 Designing a Cluster Sample......Page 166
5.6 Systematic Sampling......Page 171
5.7 Models for Cluster Sampling*......Page 175
5.8 Summary......Page 180
5.9 Exercises......Page 181
6 Sampling with Unequal Probabilities......Page 191
6.1 Sampling One Primary Sampling Unit......Page 193
6.2 One-Stage Sampling with Replacement......Page 196
6.3 Two-Stage Sampling with Replacement......Page 204
6.4 Unequal-Probability Sampling Without Replacement......Page 206
6.5 Examples of Unequal-Probability Samples......Page 211
6.6 Randomization Theory Results and Proofs*......Page 216
6.7 Models and Unequal-Probability Sampling*......Page 223
6.8 Exercises......Page 225
7.1 Assembling Design Components......Page 233
7.2 Sampling Weights......Page 237
7.3 Estimating a Distribution Function......Page 241
7.4 Plotting Data from a Complex Survey......Page 247
7.5 Design Effects......Page 251
7.6 The National Crime Victimization Survey......Page 254
7.7 Sampling and Experiment Design*......Page 259
7.8 Exercises......Page 261
8 Nonresponse......Page 267
8.1 Effects of Ignoring Nonresponse......Page 268
8.2 Designing Surveys to Reduce Nonsampling Errors......Page 270
8.3 Callbacks and Two-Phase Sampling......Page 274
8.4 Mechanisms for Nonresponse......Page 276
8.5 Weighting Methods for Nonresponse......Page 277
8.6 Imputation......Page 284
8.7 Parametric Models for Nonresponse*......Page 290
8.8 What Is an Acceptable Response Rate?......Page 293
8.9 Exercises......Page 294
9 Variance Estimation in Complex Surveys*......Page 301
9.1 Linearization (Taylor Series) Methods......Page 302
9.2 Random Group Methods......Page 305
9.3 Resampling and Replication Methods......Page 310
9.4 Generalized Variance Functions......Page 320
9.5 Confidence Intervals......Page 322
9.6 Summary and Software......Page 325
9.7 Exercises......Page 327
10.1 Chi-Square Tests with Multinomial Sampling......Page 331
10.2 Effects of Survey Design on Chi-Square Tests......Page 336
10.3 Corrections to Chi-Square Tests......Page 341
10.4 Loglinear Models......Page 348
10.5 Exercises......Page 353
11 Regression with Complex Survey Data*......Page 359
11.1 Model-Based Regression in Simple Random Samples......Page 360
11.2 Regression in Complex Surveys......Page 364
11.3 Should Weights Be Used in Regression?......Page 374
11.4 Mixed Models for Cluster Samples......Page 380
11.5 Logistic Regression......Page 382
11.6 Generalized Regression Estimation for Population Totals......Page 384
11.7 Exercises......Page 386
12.1 Two-Phase Sampling......Page 391
12.2 Capture-Recapture Estimation......Page 399
12.3 Estimation in Domains, Revisited......Page 408
12.4 Sampling for Rare Events......Page 412
12.5 Randomized Response......Page 416
12.6 Exercises......Page 419
A The SURVEY Program......Page 425
B.1 Probability......Page 435
B.2 Random Variables and Expected Value......Page 438
B.3 Conditional Probability......Page 442
B.4 Conditional Expectation......Page 444
C Data Sets......Page 449
D Computer Codes Used for Examples......Page 461
E Statistical Table......Page 469
References......Page 471
Author Index......Page 497
Subject Index......Page 501