Sampling and statistical methods for behavioral ecologists

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
1.2 Specifying the population......Page 15
Superpopulations......Page 17
Definitions......Page 19
Measures of error......Page 22
1.4 Extrapolation to other populations......Page 25
1.5 Summary......Page 26
2.1 Introduction......Page 28
2.2 Notation and definitions......Page 29
2.3 Distributions of discrete random variables......Page 31
2.4 Expected value......Page 35
Rules......Page 37
2.5 Variance and covariance......Page 38
2.7 Estimated standard errors......Page 40
2.8 Estimating variability in a population......Page 44
2.9 More on expected value......Page 46
2.10 Linear transformations......Page 48
2.11 The Taylor series approximation......Page 50
Examples......Page 53
2.12 Maximum likelihood estimation......Page 56
Standard errors......Page 57
2.13 Summary......Page 59
3.2 Statistical tests......Page 61
Interpretation of significance......Page 64
Two-sample tests......Page 66
Additional issues......Page 67
Degrees of freedom......Page 69
One-and two-tailed tests......Page 71
3.3. Confidence intervals......Page 72
Utility......Page 74
Relationship to hypothesis tests......Page 75
Ratio of two random variables......Page 77
3.4 Sample size requirements and power......Page 79
3.5 Parametric tests for one and two samples......Page 82
Single estimate......Page 83
Two independent estimates......Page 85
Partially paired data......Page 86
Performance when assumptions are not met......Page 89
3.6 Nonparametric tests for one or two samples......Page 92
3.7 Tests for more than two samples......Page 95
3.8 Summary......Page 98
4.1 Introduction......Page 99
4.2 Overview......Page 100
4.3 The finite population correction......Page 111
Simple random sampling......Page 113
Nonrandom sampling......Page 115
Systematic sampling......Page 116
Selection with unequal probabilities......Page 121
4.5 Multistage sampling......Page 123
Sample selection methods......Page 124
Weighting of estimates from primary units......Page 126
Equally weighted primary units......Page 128
Unequally weighted primary units......Page 132
Problems caused by having too few primary units......Page 134
Alternative definitions of the population......Page 136
4.6 Stratified sampling......Page 138
Estimation......Page 139
Use in behavioral ecology......Page 142
Poststratification......Page 143
4.7 Comparison of the methods......Page 145
4.8 Additional methods......Page 146
Ratio and regression estimators......Page 147
Visual estimates......Page 149
4.9 Notation for complex designs......Page 151
4.10 Nonrandom sampling in complex designs......Page 153
4.11 Summary......Page 160
5.2 Scatterplots and correlation......Page 162
Formal models......Page 168
Inference......Page 169
Examining assumptions......Page 171
Formal models......Page 173
Inference and interpretation......Page 175
Partial correlation......Page 180
Examining assumptions......Page 181
Categorical variables......Page 182
Stepwise regression......Page 186
5.5 Regression with multistage sampling......Page 188
5.6 Summary......Page 190
6.1 Introduction......Page 191
6.2 Power versus generality......Page 192
6.3 Fish, fish tanks, and fish trials......Page 196
6.4 The great playback debate......Page 199
6.6 Summary......Page 201
7.2 Defining behaviors and bouts......Page 204
7.3 Allocation of effort......Page 206
7.4 Obtaining the data......Page 210
7.5 Analysis......Page 211
7.6 Summary......Page 213
8.1 Introduction......Page 214
8.2 Defining ‘the trend’......Page 215
8.3 Estimating standard errors......Page 223
8.4 Outliers and missing data......Page 224
8.5 Index methods......Page 225
8.6 Pseudoreplication......Page 230
8.7 Summary......Page 231
9.2 Rationale......Page 233
9.3 Capture histories and models......Page 234
9.5 Closed population models......Page 236
SURGE......Page 237
Other parameters......Page 238
9.7 Summary......Page 240
10.2 Telemetry studies......Page 242
10.3 Nesting success......Page 245
10.4 Summary......Page 250
11.1 Introduction......Page 252
11.2 Population units and parameters......Page 253
Proportion of the population comprising each type…......Page 254
Proportion used/proportion available…......Page 255
Defining availability......Page 256
11.3 Several animals......Page 257
11.4 Multivariate definition of resources......Page 258
11.5 Summary......Page 260
12.2 Adaptive sampling......Page 262
12.3 Line transect sampling......Page 263
12.4 Path analysis......Page 264
12.5 Sequential analysis......Page 265
12.6 Community analysis......Page 267
12.7 Summary......Page 268
Appendix One Frequently used statistical methods......Page 271
Appendix Two Statistical tables......Page 293
Box 3......Page 325
Box 5......Page 329
Hypothesis tests......Page 331
Box 7......Page 332
Box 10......Page 333
References......Page 334
Index......Page 342