Salmonine Introductions to the Laurentian Great Lakes : An Historical Review and Evaluation of Ecological Effects

Cover page......Page 2
Publishing Information......Page 3
Title page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Abstract......Page 8
Résumé......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 10
History of Salmonine introductions......Page 12
Effects of introductions on the introduced salmonines......Page 13
Effects of introductions on the receiving Great Lakes ecosystem......Page 14
1.1 Goal and objectives of this report......Page 16
1.2 Sources of information......Page 17
1.3 Definition of terms......Page 18
1.4 Native and introduced salmonines of the Great Lakes ecosystem......Page 19
2.1.1 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)......Page 22
2.1.2 Brown trout (Salmo trutta)......Page 42
2.2.1 Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)......Page 51
2.2.2 Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)......Page 63
2.2.3 Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)......Page 72
2.2.4 Kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka)......Page 84
2.2.5 Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)......Page 88
2.2.7 Masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou)......Page 89
2.2.8 Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)......Page 90
2.3.1 Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)......Page 93
Species Refuge Objectives......Page 94
Recreational Fisheries Objectives......Page 95
Niche Filling Objectives......Page 96
Biological Control Objectives......Page 98
2.4.4 Historical trends in introduction objectives......Page 99
3. Ecology of salmonine introductions to the Great Lakes......Page 102
3.1.1 Survival, growth and development......Page 103
3.1.2 Dispersion and migration......Page 106
Dispersion......Page 107
Migration......Page 108
3.1.3 Reproduction......Page 110
3.1.4 Alteration of life-history characteristics......Page 117
3.2 Effects of introduction on the Great Lakes ecosystem......Page 120
3.2.1 Diseases and parasites......Page 122
3.2.2 Predation......Page 124
Tributaries......Page 126
Lakes......Page 127
Tributaries......Page 128
Effect of introduced salmonine predation on alewife......Page 129
Prey swithing by introduced salmonines......Page 130
Introduced salmonine predation on native species......Page 132
3.2.3 Competition......Page 135
Competition between introduced salmonines and brook charr......Page 137
Competition for stream positions......Page 138
Competition for food......Page 139
Competition for spawning habitat......Page 141
Competition between introduced salmonies and lake charr......Page 142
Competition for food......Page 143
Competition for spawning habitat......Page 146
3.2.4 Genetic alteration......Page 147
Tributary substrate disruption......Page 152
Tributary manipulation by humans......Page 153
Toxic contaminant transport......Page 154
Hatchery effluents......Page 155
Community composition......Page 157
Community energetics......Page 159
4. Discussion......Page 164
General conclusions......Page 175
5. Epilogue: a policy of action......Page 178
6. References......Page 180
Additional sources......Page 208
Data notes......Page 209
Appendix I. Salmonine stocking data summary for the Laurentian Great Lakes (1966–1998)......Page 210