Saints and Sinners in the Sky: Astronomy, Religion and Art in Western Culture

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I: Artistic Astronomy and Religious Iconography
	Prologue
	1: Astronomical Constellations and How to Portray Them
		Scope and Scale
		Focus on the Constellations
		The First Depictions of Constellations
		Reformations in Religion and Science—and the Art to Visualize Them
		Ages of Discovery
		Star Pictures From Earth
		The View from Another Planet
		Constellations Evolve
		The Amazing Number Twelve
		The Origins and Evolution of Constellation Imagery
		The Farnese Globe
		Printed Star Maps
		The Ratdolt Images
		The Dürer Maps
		Demise of the Artistic Celestial Atlas
		The Line-and-Dot Constellations
	2: New Players, New Roles
		Allesandro Piccolomini (1508–1578)
			Family Background
			A Young Activist Appears
			Successes as a Science Writer
			A Most Remarkable Woman in Siena
			Alessandro’s Pivotal Achievement
			Deciding Which Stars to Show
			The Latter Years
		Johannes Bayer (1572–1625)
			Adding New Constellations
			Naming New Constellations
			Bayer’s Fundamental Contribution
		Julius Schiller (1580–1627)
			New Star Groups Get Old Names
		Jeremias Drexel (1581–1638)
			Previous Attempts
		Andreas Cellarius (c. 1596–1665)
			A Book of a Lifetime
			Scientific Content
		Journeys of Exploration
	3: The Schiller Enterprise: Christianize the Constellations
		Pagans and Prophets, Beasts and Bullies, Saints and Sinners
		Options for Introducing a New Celestial Atlas
		Schiller’s Dramatic Departure for a Celestial Atlas
		Endorsements and Publicity
		Schiller Tells His Story
		But What Did The Apostles Look Like?
		The Grand and Glorious Plan for a Starry Christian Heaven
	4: The Christianized Zodiac of the Northern Hemisphere
		The Constellation Aries
			How About This Solution?
			But Why a Ram?
			The Moses Connection
		Saint Peter Replaces Aries
			Star Patterns and Images Assigned to Them
		The Constellation Taurus
		Saint Andrew Replaces Taurus
		The Constellation Gemini
			Many Options for Gemini’s Symbol
		Saint James (the Greater) Replaces Gemini
		The Constellation Cancer
			Cancerous Tales
		Saint John Replaces Cancer
			Possible Symbols to Use
			Distribution of Stars in Each Image
		The Constellation Leo
		Saint Thomas Replaces Leo
		The Constellation Virgo
			The Field of Dreams
			A Complexity of Star Patterns
			Virgo Has an Extended Family
		Saint James (the Lesser) Replaces Virgo
			Symbols of Martyrdom
			The Lack of Female Constellations
	5: The Christianized Zodiac of the Southern Hemisphere
		The Constellation Libra
			What Is Being Measured?
			A Balanced Set of Star Stories
		Saint Phillip Replaces Libra
			Follow the Money
			A Story More Odious Than Leftover Fish
		The Constellation Scorpius
			The Roman Scorpius 2.0
		Saint Bartholomew Replaces Scorpius
			A “Most Excellent Martyrdom”
		The Constellation Sagittarius
			A Focal Point of Non-Stellar Features
		Saint Matthew Replaces Sagittarius
			Christ’s Views on Diversity and Inclusion
		The Constellation Capricornus
			Tails Have Tales
		Saint Simon Replaces Capricornus
			Symbols of Martyrdom
		The Constellation Aquarius
			Why Water Falls?
			The Astronomy Within Aquarius
			Aquarius in the Modern Era
		Saint Jude Thaddeus Replaces Aquarius
		The Constellation Pisces
			Fishy Tales
			Reflection Upon Ourselves
		Saint Matthias Replaces Pisces
			Blowing in the Wind
	6: Responses—Theological and Astronomical
		Counter-Iconoclasts: The Destruction of Images, Terrestrial and Celestial
		Counter-Art: Luther’s Position on the Styles of Religious Art
		Counter-Clergy
		Counter-Science
		The Rise of the New Astronomy
		What Was Schiller’s View on Science?
		A Decidedly Narrow Scope
		The Reaction of Astronomers
		The Schiller Dilemma
Part II: Astronomy in Christian Art
	Prologue
	7: Pagan Constellations in Christian Art
		Illuminated Manuscripts
			Transition to the Renaissance
		Constantine’s Dream: A Partial Celestial Globe in the Sky
			A Matter of Perspective
		Impact of Galileo’s New Astronomy Upon Religious Art
			And Such Views!
			Galileo’s Impact on Religious Art
		Elsheimer’s Rendition of the Night Sky Above the Holy Family
		Jesus and the Celestial Sphere: A Mosaic for the Russian Orthodox Cathedral in St. Petersburg
			Repurposed Churches
			A Golden Age for the Arts in St. Petersburg
	8: Beyond Constellations: Astronomical Components in Religious Art
		Giotto’s Christmas Comet
			Giotto and the Celestial Domain
			Giotto and Atmospheric Science
			The Stellar Ceiling of the Scrovegni Chapel
		Sun and Moon Scenes at the Crucifixion and Resurrection
			Ceramics and the Sky: The Della Robbia Family
		Portraits with Astronomical Content: Holbein and Botticelli
			Holbein’s Ambassadors
			Botticelli’s Saint Augustine
			A False Start on a Religious Life
		The Muggletonians: Biblical Versus Newtonian Cosmologies
			Muggletonians and Exoplanets
		Jesuits Teaching Astronomy in 17th Century China
Part III: Constellations in Secular Art and Architecture
	Prologue
	9: Rubens and Astronomy
		Why Rubens?
		Name Dropping at the Cosmic Level: My Friend Galileo
			Who Are These Guys?
			Galileo and the Aurora
		A Nocturne with Moon, Meteor and Star Patterns
			A Tribute to Elsheimer?
			A Closer Look at Celestial Content
			Carrying Speculation to a Conclusion
	10: Constellation-Art Connections in Multimedia
		Astronomy Minted: Coins and a Medallion from Ancient Rome
			Hail Caesar
		Celestial Globes as Public Art
		Atlas for 30 Rock
		New Aspects of Space in Rome: Zada Hadid and Anselm Kiefer
		Model Solar Systems: Constellations of Planets
			From the Earl of Orrery to Charles LeDray
		Einstein and Alexander Calder’s Mobile Solar System
		The Fabric of the Universe: Tapestries with Constellations
	11: Constellations as Decorative Art
		Palazzo della Ragione
		La Villa Farnesina
		J.P. Morgan’s Library
		John Singer Sargent and the American Renaissance
			Murals for America’s First Public Library
			New Murals for a New Museum
			Sargent’s Celestial Sphere
			Where Did Sargent Find His Constellations?
		A Zodiac for Chicago’s Public Library
		New York’s Grand Central Terminal
		Stazione Milano Centrale
	12: Modern Art Themes of Constellations
		Universe in a Box: The Art of Joseph Cornell
			What Do the Names Mean?
		Picasso and His Constellations
			What was the Source of Picasso’s Fascination with Celestial Patterns?
			The Legacy of Picasso’s Celestial Experiments
			The Picasso Legacy to Fashion
		Miró: Constellations as Complexities
	13: Astronomical Stars of Modern Art
		Vincent Van Gogh (1853–1890)
		Edvard Munch (1863–1944)
			A Do-Over
		Georgia O’Keeffe (1887–1986)
			There Are Stars in a City Too
			O’Keeffe’s Daytime Astronomy
		Jasper Johns (1930–)
		Salvador Dalí (1904–1989)
			Surrealism Needs Real Heavenly Bodies
			Personalized Planets and Sun
Epilogue
Sources and Annotated Bibliography
	Overview
	Part I (Chapters 1–6)
	Part II (Chapters 7 and 8)
	Part III (Chapters 9–13)
Author Index
Subject Index