Safety Standards and Infection Control for Dental Hygienists

Contents......Page 4
Foreword......Page 16
Preface......Page 18
About the Authors......Page 20
Acknowledgments......Page 22
SECTION I Microbiology and Disease Prevention Specific to Dentistry......Page 24
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Microbiology......Page 26
The Six Components in the Chain of Infection Control......Page 27
Types of Infections......Page 37
The Five Stages of Infectious Disease......Page 38
The Immune System......Page 39
Hepatitis......Page 40
Herpesvirus......Page 43
HIV Disease......Page 44
AIDS......Page 45
CHAPTER 2 Disease Prevention in the Dental Office......Page 48
Infection Control in Dentistry: Goals for Reducing......Page 49
Ten Basic Principles of Infection Control......Page 50
Handwashing: The First Line of Defense in Disease Prevention......Page 54
Procedure Into Practice: Handwashing......Page 56
Risk Reduction at Chairside......Page 58
CHAPTER 3 Patient Assessment......Page 64
Function and Importance of a Medical/Dental History......Page 65
Latex Sensitivity......Page 67
Completing Medical/Dental History Forms......Page 68
Related Forms......Page 71
CHAPTER 4 Legal and Ethical Considerations of Infection Control......Page 76
Professional Standards of the Dental Hygienist......Page 77
Maintaining Confidentiality of Patients’ Records......Page 81
The Americans with Disabilities Act......Page 84
Risk Management and Quality Assurance Strategies to Prevent......Page 88
SECTION II National Guidelines, Recommendations, and Regulations Affecting Dental Practice......Page 98
CHAPTER 5 Regulatory Government Agencies and Professional Associations......Page 100
Differences and Distinctions......Page 101
CHAPTER 6 The Dental Office Safety Supervisor......Page 108
Training Organization......Page 109
Twelve Tasks of the Office Safety Supervisor......Page 110
SECTION III Infection Control Techniques in the Dental Office......Page 118
CHAPTER 7 Personal Safety and Barrier Protection......Page 120
Identifying Employees at Risk: Exposure Determination by Categories......Page 121
Types of Gloves Used in Dentistry......Page 123
Eyewear......Page 128
Scrubs or Protective Outer Garments......Page 129
Laundering of Reusable PPE......Page 130
Procedure Into Practice: Donning PPE......Page 131
Procedure Into Practice: Removing PPE......Page 132
Sharps Management and Disposal......Page 134
Procedure Into Practice: Emergency Eyewash Procedure......Page 135
Procedure Into Practice: Minimizing Personal Injury from Contaminated Sharps......Page 137
Handling an Accidental Exposure......Page 138
Procedure Into Practice: What the Dentist/Employer Must Do in the Event of an Accidental Exposure......Page 140
CHAPTER 8 Instrument Recirculation......Page 144
Critical, Semicritical, and Noncritical Classifications......Page 145
After Completion of a Chairside Procedure......Page 146
Procedure Into Practice: Processing Contaminated Instruments......Page 147
Instrument Scrubbing......Page 148
Procedure Into Practice: Manual Instrument Scrubbing......Page 149
Procedure Into Practice: Ultrasonically Scrubbing Instruments......Page 151
Disinfection versus Sterilization......Page 152
Procedure Into Practice: Chemical Disinfection of Instruments That Cannot Be Heat Sterilized......Page 153
Accepted Methods of Sterilization......Page 154
Procedure Into Practice: Instructions for Operating the Autoclave......Page 159
Processing High-Speed Dental Handpieces......Page 161
Procedure Into Practice: Handpiece Sterilization Steps......Page 162
Procedure Into Practice: Packaging Instruments and Loading the Sterilizer......Page 164
Procedure Into Practice: Maintaining a Sterilization Monitoring Log......Page 165
Storage of Sterilized Instruments......Page 167
Most Common Reasons for Instrument Sterilization Failure......Page 168
CHAPTER 9 Environmental Surface and Equipment Asepsis......Page 172
The Need for Surface Disinfection......Page 173
Chemical Disinfectants......Page 174
Spray-Wipe-Spray Technique......Page 176
Placement of Protective Barriers......Page 177
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines for the Spray-Wipe-Spray Technique......Page 178
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines for Placing and Removing Environmental Surface Barriers......Page 180
CHAPTER 10 Dental Laboratory Asepsis......Page 184
The Importance of Infection Control Procedures in the Dental Office Laboratory......Page 185
Procedure Into Practice: Disinfection of a Dental Prosthesis or Orthodontic Appliance......Page 189
Disinfection of Dental Impressions......Page 190
Disinfection of Related Dental Laboratory Items......Page 192
Asepsis in the Dental Office Lab......Page 194
Disposal of Laboratory Waste Materials......Page 195
CHAPTER 11 Infection Control in Dental Radiography......Page 198
Prior to Exposing Radiographs......Page 199
Procedure Into Practice: Placing and Removing Protective Surface Barriers in the Radiographic Operatory......Page 200
Procedure Into Practice: Infection Control Procedures for the Radiography Operatory......Page 201
Handling the X-ray Film Packet......Page 202
Procedure Into Practice: Barrier Protection Technique......Page 204
Procedure Into Practice: Infection Control Procedures While Using a Daylight Loader......Page 205
Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Infection Control Methods for Exposing Dental Radiographs......Page 206
Waste Management of Radiographic Chemistry......Page 209
SECTION IV Environmental Health and Safety (Hazard Communication) in the Dental Office......Page 212
CHAPTER 12 Hazard Communication......Page 214
Hazard Communication Program......Page 215
Product Warning Labels and Stickers......Page 216
Biological Hazards in the Dental Office......Page 223
Bloodborne Pathogens Standard......Page 224
New OSHA Compliance Directive......Page 230
CHAPTER 13 Waterline Biofilms......Page 240
Conditions That Facilitate Biofilm Formation in Waterlines......Page 241
Stages of Biofilm Formation in Waterlines......Page 243
Procedure Into Practice: Reduction of Waterline Biofilms......Page 244
Solutions to Reduce Waterline Biofilms......Page 245
Equipment Manufacturers Make Modifications......Page 246
Procedure Into Practice: Steps for Weekly Waterline Asepsis......Page 247
Independent Water Reservoirs versus Filters......Page 248
Boil-Water Advisory Procedures......Page 249
CHAPTER 14 Occupational Environmental Hazards......Page 254
Radiation......Page 255
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines for Handling Mercury......Page 256
Procedure Into Practice: Recommended Guidelines for Cleaning Up a Mercury Spill......Page 257
Caustic Agents and Other Hazardous Chemicals......Page 259
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines for Protection When Working with Glutaraldehyde......Page 260
Gases: Nitrous Oxide, Oxygen, and Ethylene Oxide......Page 261
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines to Reduce Exposure During Conscious Sedation Administration of Nitrous Oxide......Page 262
Bioaerosols......Page 264
Latex Allergies......Page 265
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines to Combat Allergic Response to NRL......Page 268
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines for Preventing Injury Caused by Acid Etch Materials......Page 270
Procedure Into Practice: Precautions for Preventing Occupational NIHL......Page 271
CHAPTER 15 Office Emergency Procedures......Page 278
Fire Safety and Emergency Evacuation......Page 279
Natural Disaster Preparedness......Page 281
Procedure Into Practice: How to Use a Fire Extinguisher......Page 282
Bomb Threats and Violence in the Workplace......Page 283
First-Aid and Emergency Kits......Page 284
Procedure Into Practice: Emergency Administration of Oxygen......Page 286
SECTION V Office Communications Regarding Infection Control......Page 290
CHAPTER 16 Marketing Infection Control......Page 292
The Need to Market Infection Control......Page 293
Front Office Marketing......Page 294
Educating Patients about Infectious Diseases......Page 297
Chairside Marketing......Page 299
Bibliography......Page 304
Appendix A......Page 310
Appendix B......Page 318
B......Page 324
E......Page 325
M......Page 326
S......Page 327
U-W......Page 328
B......Page 329
D......Page 330
E......Page 331
I......Page 332
L......Page 333
O......Page 334
P......Page 335
S......Page 336
Z......Page 337