Safety, Health and Welfare in Agriculture and Agro-food Systems: Ragusa SHWA 2021 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 252)

Preface
Organization
	Conference Scientific Committee
	Editorial Committee
	Convener
Contents
WMSDs Work Related Musculo-Skeletal Disorders
Quantification of Trunk Postures Among Fruit and Vegetable Pickers in Sardinia
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Image Analysis for Ergonomic Risk Assessment for Rope Arborists
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Biomechanical Risk for the Hand-Arm System During Work Activities on Peach Fruit Tree
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Company Data, Total Exposed Workers and Identification of Repetitive Tasks
		2.2 Net Working Time Calculation
		2.3 Evaluation of Frequency and Technical Actions
		2.4 Assessment of Incongruous Postures
		2.5 Strength Risk Factors
		2.6 Complementary Risk Factors
		2.7 The Final Score of the OCRA Mini-Checklist
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Health and Safety Risks in Hop-Picking Activities: An Analysis of the State of the Art
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Hop Harvesting Methods
		3.2 Critical Issues in the Hop Harvest
		3.3 Assessment and Prevention of Work-Related Health and Safety Risks
	4 Conclusion
	References
Machine Milking, Animal Welfare, Sustainable Livestock Farming
Precision Livestock Farming for Mediterranean Water Buffalo: Some Applications and Opportunities from the Agridigit Project
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Agridigit Project in Brief
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Ear Tag Sensors
		3.2 Body Condition Score Evaluation
		3.3 Laser Methane Pistols
	4 Conclusion
	Aknowledgments
	References
Pre-slaughtering Phases and Meat Quality of Highly Profitable Cattle (Piedmontese Fat Ox)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Influence of Animal Welfare on the Quality of Beef
		1.2 Effect of Prolonged Aging on Beef Quality
		1.3 Aim of the Study
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Experimental Plan
		2.2 Cortisol Determination
		2.3 Muscle pH Measurement
		2.4 Aged Beef Quality Characteristics
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Cortisol Determination
		3.2 Evolution of Meat pH During the Prolonged Aging
		3.3 Quality Characteristics of Long Aged Piedmontese Beef
	4 Conclusions
	References
Calculation of the Mixing Time as a Function of the Dairy Cow Diet Chemical Homogeneity Inside the Mixing Hopper
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Spectrometer
		2.2 Integrated Measurement System
		2.3 TMR Homogeneity Evaluation
		2.4 Field Tests and Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Using of NMR Milk Metabolomics to Evaluate Mammary Gland Health Status in Dairy Cows
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Animals and Milk Samples
		2.2 NMR
			2.2.1 Sample Preparation
			2.2.2 NMR Analysis
		2.3 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 NMR Metabolites Assignment
		3.2 Analysis of Metabolites
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Spatial Variability of Ammonia Concentrations in an Open-Sided Dairy Barn
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Barn Description and Management
		2.2 Experimental Set-Up
		2.3 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Spatial Distribution of NH3 Concentrations
		3.2 Daily Variation of NH3 Concentrations
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Funding
	References
The Effect of Microclimatic Conditions on Ammonia Emissions from an Open-Sided Dairy Barn During Spring
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Barn Description and Management
		2.2 Experimental Set-Up
		2.3 Estimation of NH3 Emissions
		2.4 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Microclimatic Conditions
		3.2 Ammonia Emissions
	4 Conclusion
	Funding
	References
The COWBHAVE System: An Open-Source Accelerometer-Based System to Monitor Dairy Cows’ Behavioural Activities
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The System Architecture
		2.1 The COWBHAVE Firmware, the Acceleration-Based Variable, and the Threshold-Based Algorithm
		2.2 The Database
		2.3 The Graphical User Interface (GUI) and the Application Programming Interface (API)
	3 The Experimental Tests in the Lab and in a Free-Stall Barn to Assess System Functioning
	4 GUI Sections and API Functions of the Case Study
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
On the Determination of Acceleration Thresholds for the Automatic Detection of Cow Behavioural Activities in Extensive Livestock Systems
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 The Herd Considered in the Research Study
		2.2 Device and Data Acquisition
		2.3 Dataset and Labelling
		2.4 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Instrumentation, Equipment, Periodic Procedures and Tests
Contribution of Inspection Methods to Monitoring Operator Comfort During Agricultural Operations
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Assessment of External Sprayer Cleaning Efficiency by Comparing Different Cleaning Devices, Sprayer Tank Materials and Operators
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Experimental Arrangement and Sprayer Used
		2.2 Experimental Trials Procedure and Laboratory Analysis
		2.3 Variables Examined for Their Possible Influence on Sprayer Cleaning Efficiency
		2.4 Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Safety Health and Welfare in Building
The Therapeutic Value of a Green Roof in a Prison Facility
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Design of the Green Roof
		2.3 Green Roof Construction
		2.4 Training for Workers in the Maintenance of a Green Roof
		2.5 Data Collection
	3 Results
		3.1 Profile of the Interviewees and Descriptive Statistics
		3.2 Evaluation of the Regenerative Capacity of the Intervention
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Lighting of Milking Parlours: Results from a Field Study
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Spatial Analyses to Assess the Availability of Sheep Wool as Potential Eco-friendly Material
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Wool
		2.2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Agriculture 4.0, Automation, Remote Control, Robot and Innovative Vehicle
Remote Controls of Solar Drier Micro-plants for Process Standardization
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Micro-drier Systems and Sensors
		2.2 Samples and Determination of Water Activity at the End Point
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Rovitis 4.0: An Autonomous Robot for Spraying in Vineyards
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 The Research Group
		2.2 Field Test Sites
		2.3 Development of Prototypes
		2.4 Evaluation of Economic Feasability and Environmental Benefits
		2.5 Evaluation of the Efficacy and Quality of Treatments
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Automatic Image Labelling for Deep-Learning-Based Navigation of Agricultural Robots
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Experimental Setup
	4 Proposed Solution
		4.1 Image Acquisition
		4.2 Image Labeling
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	Funding
	References
Smart Machinery and Devices for Reducing Risks from Human-Machine Interference in Agriculture: A Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 State of Art
		3.1 Articles
		3.2 Reviews
	4 Conclusions
	References
Noise, Vibration, Dust, Endotoxin, Microorganism
Exposure to Heavy Metals in Wood Dust During Dry-Pruning in Vineyard
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Test Sites
		2.2 Machine
		2.3 Dust Sampling
		2.4 Chemical Analyses
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Dynamic Characteristics of the Seats Equipping Old Agricultural Tractors
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Tested Dampers
		2.2 Test Conditions
		2.3 Instrument Characteristics
		2.4 Data Acquisition, Transmissibility and Resonance
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Data Obtained on the Bench
		3.2 Data Obtained on the Seat
		3.3 Transmissibility and Resonance
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgement
	References
Hand Arm Vibration: Comparison Between Laboratory and in Field Tests
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 The Harvester
		2.2 The Test Bench
		2.3 The Experimental Activity
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions and Perspectives
	Acknowledgements
	References
Fisherman’s Exposure to the Noise Emitted by a Prototype of an On-Board Rotating Sorting Machine for Clams (Chamelea Gallina)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	Funding
	References
Comparison of Whole-Body-Vibration Exposure Between Quarry and Farm Activities
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Operators’ Exposure to Hand-Arm Vibration in Small Olive Growing
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Test Location and Machines
		2.2 Measurement Chain
		2.3 Calculation of A(8), Ep,d and Ap(8)
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of Mechanical Vibrations Generated by Tractors: A First Approach to the Absorption of the Human Body
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Abatement Systems Efficiency: Comparison of PM Emitted by Biomass Combustion
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Biomass Characterization
		2.2 Experimental Campaign and Sampling System
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Physical and Chemical Characterization
		3.2 PM Emissions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Occupational Health
Critical Issues in the Application of the INAIL Methodology for the Assessment of Work-Related Stress in the Agricultural Sector
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Figure of the Workers’ Representative for Safety and Health (WHSR) in Agriculture: A Survey in Some Italian Regions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Impacts of Crops and Livestock Productions
Ammonia Emission from a BAT Farrowing Room with Fully Slatted Flooring and Individual Manure Pan. Results of a Yearly Monitoring Survey
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Location, Animals and Farrowing Rooms
		2.2 Environmental Conditions, Ammonia Concentrations Monitoring
		2.3 Calculation of Ammonia Emission
		2.4 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Environmental Parameters in the Farrowing Rooms
		3.2 Ammonia Concentrations and Emissions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Safety in Hazelnut Mechanical Harvesting
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Harvesting Machine Used During the Tests
		2.2 Experimental Test Procedure
			2.2.1 Experimental Farm for T1 Thesis
			2.2.2 Experimental Farms for T2 Thesis
		2.3 Harvesting Site Organization
		2.4 Working Time Analysis
		2.5 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Precision Farming and Traceability
Purpose-Intended Modification of a Conventional Sprayer Machine for Application in Precision Agriculture
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Test Sites
		2.2 Sprayer Machine
		2.3 Test Layout
		2.4 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Farm Management Information Systems: Digital Register of Farm Management in Southern Italy
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Farm Management Register ‘Quaderno di Campagna’ in Italian Farms
	3 The Digital Farm Management Register
		3.1 WAPI
		3.2 GAZIE
		3.3 QdC® − ‘Quaderno di Campagna’
		3.4 QDCTrax
		3.5 DSS Horta
	4 Conclusions
	Appendix
	References:
Environment Safety, People Health Protection and Welfare
A Survey on Safety Among Tree-Climber Professional Arborists
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Error on Drop Size Measurement Due to Image Analysis Digitisation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Environmental and Health Hazard from Urban Waste Compost: The Role of Information to Overcome Users’ Beliefs
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Instruments and Procedure
		2.3 Data Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions and Limitations
	References
Environmental Evaluation of Vineyard Airblast Sprayers Through a Comprehensive Spray Mass-Balance Approach
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Test Location, Experimental Plot Layout and Sampling System
		2.2 Sprayer Characteristics and Configurations Tested
		2.3 Sprayed Mixture and Laboratory Analysis
		2.4 Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation of Sustainable Weeding Methods for the Control of Spontaneous Flora in Urban Areas
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of Spray Behavior Using Different Sprayers in Citrus Groves
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Field and Machinery Description
		2.2 Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Spray Distribution
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
A Contribution to Environmental Protection Through the Valorisation of Kitchen Biowaste
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
ROPS and Stability Research
“Ask Me What I Need”: Investigating Users’ Training Needs and Design Requirements to Encourage the Correct Operation of Foldable Rollover Protective Structures
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Instruments
		2.3 Procedure
	3 Results
		3.1 Information and Training
		3.2 Discomfort in Use
		3.3 Redesign Suggestions
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Can Digital Games Be Adopted as a Learning Method to Engage Farmworkers in Training Sessions? Perspectives and Possible Applications
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Track Width for a Safe Travelling of a Timber Tractor-Trailer Combination
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methodology
		2.1 Curves Travelled by an Agricultural Tractor
		2.2 Curves Travelled by an Agricultural Tractor Linked to a Single-Axle or a Tandem Trailer
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
ROPS Design Guidelines for the Effective Driver’s Protection in Case of Tractor Overturning
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Elasticity Ratio
		3.2 Margin
	4 Conclusions
	References
Survey on the Lateral Stability of Wheeled Narrow-Track Tractors
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Term and Definitions
		2.2 Tested Tractors
		2.3 Test Method
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Conflicts of Interest
	References
Design, Manufacturing, and Strength Test of a 4-post ROPS Fitted on a Very Low-Profile Tractor (TRACLAS Project)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Farms Survey
		2.2 Tractor Prototype
		2.3 The 4-post Frame
		2.4 The ROPS Tests
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 The Manufactured Compact Tractor Fitted with the 4-post ROPS
		3.2 Results of Strength Test
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Food Safety
Effect of Nano Particles of Pomegranate Peel Extract on Shelf Life of Some Fruit and Vegetable Products
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Plants Materials, Fungal Strains and Pomegranate Extracts Used
		2.2 Preparation of PAE-Adsorbed CaCO3 Nanocrystals
		2.3 Fungus and in vitro Assays
		2.4 Fruits Protection Assay
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 In vitro Assays
		3.2 Fruits Protection Assay
	4 Conclusion
	References
Ozone and Sanodyna® Treatments to Increase Safety and Sustainability in Extra Virgin Olive Oil Production Chain
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Raw Materials, Equipment, and Sanitizing Products
		2.2 Ozonization Treatment and Experimental Design
		2.3 Sanodyna® Treatments and Experimental Design
		2.4 Olives, Oils, and Washing Water Analyses
		2.5 Statistical Analyses
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Ozonization Treatment
		3.2 Sanodyna® Treatment on Olives
		3.3 Sanodyna® Treatments on Exhausted Washing Water
	4 Conclusions
	Funding
	References
Food Process Safety Investigated Through NIR Water Absorption Variations
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Dehydration Processes
		2.2 Chemical Analyses
		2.3 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		2.4 Data Analyses
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Aknowledgements
	References
CO2 Use and Energy Efficiency in Closed Plant Production System by Means of Mini-air Handling Unit
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Tested CPPS
		2.2 Experimental Procedures
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Author Index