Safe Water and Sanitation for a Healthier World: A Global View of Progress Towards SDG 6

Preface
Contents
About the Editor
1: Introduction
	1.1	 From IDWSSD to MDGs and SDGs
	1.2	 Interlinkages Between 17 SDGs and 169 Targets
	1.3	 Chapter Contents
		1.3.1	 Chapter 2 Latin America
		1.3.2	 Chapter 3 Caribbean
		1.3.3	 Chapter 4 Africa
		1.3.4	 Chapter 5: Ghana
		1.3.5	 Chapter 6 Russia
		1.3.6	 Chapter 7 China
		1.3.7	 Chapter 8 South Asia
		1.3.8	 Chapter 9 Sri Lanka
		1.3.9	 Chapter 10 Solomon Islands
		1.3.10	 Chapter 11 Indigenous Populations of Some of the World’s Wealthiest Nations
		1.3.11	 Chapter 12 Conclusions and Beyond 2030
	References
2: The Objectives of Sustainable Development of Water and Sanitation in Latin America
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Transition from the MDG to SDG
		2.2.1	 Baseline Studies of the WASH Indicators for Some Selected Latin American Countries
		2.2.2	 The Case of Argentina
			Sanitation
			Drinking Water
		2.2.3	 The Case of Mexico
			Sanitation
			Water
		2.2.4	 The Peruvian Case
			Sanitation
			Water
	2.3	 Open Defecation in Latin America and Caribbean Countries (LAC)
	2.4	 Inequalities in Access to Water and Sanitation Services in Latin America and the Caribbean
	2.5	 Regional Inequalities in Latin America and the Caribbean
	2.6	 Inequalities in the Access of Water and Sanitation Services and Facilities by Different Population Subgroups
	2.7	 Comparison of the Degree of Social-Spatial Inequality in the Access to Water and Sanitation Between LAC Countries
	2.8	 Affordability
	2.9	 Conclusion
	References
3: Safe Water and Sanitation for a Healthier Caribbean
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Background: Water and Sanitation Sector in the Caribbean
	3.3	 Current Performance in Meeting SDG 6: Trinidad and Barbados
		3.3.1	 Trinidad
			SDG 6.1 Universal and Equitable Access to Affordable Drinking Water
			SGD 6.2 Sanitation and Hygiene
			SDG 6.3 Water Quality and Wastewater
			SDG6.4 Water Use and Scarcity
				SDG 6.4.2 Level of Water Stress: Freshwater Withdrawal as a Proportion of Available Freshwater Resources
			SDG 6.5 Water Resources Management
			SDG 6.6 Water-Related Ecosystems
				SDG 6.a International Cooperation and Capacity Building
				SDG 6.b Stakeholder Participation
		3.3.2	 Barbados
			SDG 6.1 Universal and Equitable Access to Affordable Drinking Water
			SDG 6.2 Sanitation and Hygiene
			SDG 6.3 Water Quality
			SDG 6.4 Water Use and Scarcity
			SDG 6.5 Water Resources Management
			SDG 6.6 Water-Related Ecosystems
				SDG 6a International Cooperation and Capacity Building
				SDG 6b Stakeholder Participation
	3.4	 Discussion
		3.4.1	 Access to Potable Water
		3.4.2	 Affordability and Equity
		3.4.3	 Level of Service Provision, Sanitation, and Hygiene
		3.4.4	 Water Quality and Pollution
		3.4.5	 Water Use and Scarcity
		3.4.6	 Water Resources Management
		3.4.7	 Water-Related Ecosystems
		3.4.8	 International Cooperation and Capacity Building
		3.4.9	 Stakeholder Participation
	3.5	 Recommendations
	3.6	 Conclusion
	References
4: Safe Water and Sanitation for a Healthier World: A Global View of Progress Towards SDG 6- Africa
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 From MDGs (2000–2015) to SDGs (2016–2030) in Africa
	4.3	 Sub-Saharan Africa Situation in Access to Basic Drinking Water and Sanitation
	4.4	 The Progress of Sub-Saharan Africa in Meeting the SDG 6 Targets by 2030
	4.5	 The Challenges of Water and Sanitation Sectors of Africa
		4.5.1	 The Physical Water Scarcity
		4.5.2	 The Economic Water Scarcity
			Costing of the Basic Water and Sanitation Services
			Sources of Finance
			Financing Gap
			Closing the Financing Gap
	4.6	 Conclusion
	References
5: Sustainable Safe Water and Sanitation Interventions in Remote Parts of Ghana
	5.1	 Water and Sanitation in the Rural Parts of Ghana
		5.1.1	 The Scene
		5.1.2	 The Daily Burden of Water Collection
		5.1.3	 Interventions
	5.2	 Action for Sustainable Development Goal 6
		5.2.1	 A Daunting Task
		5.2.2	 Small NGOs Can Make a Difference
		5.2.3	 Measurable Indicators of Outturn
		5.2.4	 Reasons for Failure of Boreholes
		5.2.5	 Management of Boreholes
		5.2.6	 Borehole Interventions Following Community Filters
		5.2.7	 Maintaining Access to Safe Water During the Farming Season
		5.2.8	 Borehole Interventions with Dry Season Livelihood Enhancements
	5.3	 Sand Dams
	5.4	 Safe Sanitation
		5.4.1	 Pit Latrines
		5.4.2	 Dry Pit Latrines
		5.4.3	 Pour-Flush Pit Latrines
		5.4.4	 Hand Washing
	5.5	 Conclusions
	References
6: Russia’s Readiness to Achieve SDG 6 in Drinking Water and Sanitation by 2030
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 Water Resources for Sustainable Development in Russia
		6.2.1	 Water Reserves in Russia
		6.2.2	 Water Resources in Russia
		6.2.3	 Use of Water Resources
		6.2.4	 Water Resources Management
		6.2.5	 Schemes of Integrated Use and Protection of Water Bodies
	6.3	 Water Strategy of Russia and the Federal Program “Clean Water” for the Implementation of MDG 7
	6.4	 Implementation of SDG 6 in Russia (2015–2030)
		6.4.1	 Providing the Population with Clean Water and Sanitation Services (SDG Targets 6.1 and 6.2)
			Equitable Sanitation and Hygiene for All (Target 6.2)
		6.4.2	 Improving Water Quality and Reducing Water Pollution (Target 6.3)
		6.4.3	 Improving the Efficiency of Water Use in the Sectors and Solving the Problem of Water Scarcity (Target 6.4)
			Transport
			Fishing
			Hydropower
			Water Supply and Sewerage
			Integrated Water Resources Management (Target 6.5)
		6.4.4	 Protection and Restoration of Water-Related Ecosystems (Target 6.6)
		6.4.5	 International Cooperation on Water Use and Protection of Water Resources (Target 6.a)
		6.4.6	 Participation of Local Authorities and Citizens in Improving Water Management and Sanitation (Target 6.b)
	6.5	 Conclusions
	References
7: Progress of SDG6 Goals in China Since 2015
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 Drinking Water Safety
		7.2.1	 Rural Population
		7.2.2	 Urban Population
	7.3	 Environmental Sanitation
		7.3.1	 Rural Waste Discharge and Treatment
		7.3.2	 Urban Waste Discharge and Treatment
		7.3.3	 Toilet Revolution
			Rural Toilets
			Public Toilets
			Tourist Toilets
	7.4	 Improve Water Use Efficiency
		7.4.1	 Building a Water-Saving Society
		7.4.2	 Protection and Management of Water Resources
		7.4.3	 Sewage Treatment
	7.5	 Water Safety During COVID-19 Outbreak
	7.6	 Concluding Remarks and Projecting Progress of SDG6
	References
8: Readiness of South Asian Countries to Achieve SDG 6 Targets by 2030 in the Sanitation Sector
	8.1	 Background and Justification
	8.2	 Methodology
		8.2.1	 Study Area
	8.3	 Situational Analysis
		8.3.1	 Afghanistan
		8.3.2	 Pakistan
		8.3.3	 India
		8.3.4	 Nepal
		8.3.5	 Bhutan
		8.3.6	 Bangladesh
		8.3.7	 Maldives
		8.3.8	 Sri Lanka
	8.4	 Assessment and Discussions
	8.5	 Countries on the SDG 6 Ladder
	8.6	 Status and the Way Forward
	8.7	 Policy Conclusion
	References
9: Readiness of Sri Lanka to Achieve SDG 6 Targets in Water and Sanitation by 2030
	9.1	 Introduction
		9.1.1	 Sri Lanka
		9.1.2	 Importance of Safe Water and Sanitation for Sri Lanka
	9.2	 Transition from MDGs to SDGs in Sri Lanka
	9.3	 Government Strategies to Achieve SDG Targets
		9.3.1	 Water Supply Coverage and Corporate Goals
	9.4	 SDG 6.1 Safe Drinking Water
	9.5	 SDG 6.2 Safely Managed Sanitation Services
	9.6	 Impact of COVID-19
		9.6.1	 Water Consumption Before and During COVID-19
		9.6.2	 Water Production Before and During COVID-19
		9.6.3	 Effect of Water for All and Operation and Maintenance Activities of NWSDB
	9.7	 SDG 3 and SDG 6 Interlinkage
		9.7.1	 Progress of WASH Program
	9.8	 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
10: Readiness of Solomon Islands in Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Water and Sanitation
	10.1	 Solomon Islands
	10.2	 Water and Sanitation in Solomon Islands
	10.3	 Baseline Studies of the Wash Indicators in Solomon Islands
		10.3.1	 The Rural Development Program (RDP) and Some Impact Stories
		10.3.2	 Community and Infrastructure Services
		10.3.3	 Water Security in Radesifolamae Village, Malaita Province
		10.3.4	 Improving Livelihoods Through Access to Clean Water, Komubeti and Gilutae, Guadalcanal Province
	10.4	 Solomon Islands Preparation Towards Achieving SDG Targets (2016–2030) in Clean Water and Sanitation
	10.5	 Water and Sanitation Governance and Access Improvement Progress
		10.5.1	 Objectives and Purpose of “RWASH” Program in Solomon Islands
			Policy Context
			Improving Health Through Community Participation in RWASH Project in Solomon Islands
			The RWASH Integrated Strategic Action Plan
			Governance
			Ability to Share Knowledge (Corporate Intelligence)
			Evidence to Ensure New Policies and Programs Is Successful (Evidence for the Rural Water Safety Plan)
	10.6	 Achievements in the WATSAN Sector in Solomon Islands from 2016 to 2020
	10.7	 Key Constraints
		10.7.1	 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)
		10.7.2	 Funding
	10.8	 Conclusion
	References
11: Poor Water Quality and Related Health Issues in Remote Indigenous Populations of Some of the World’s Wealthiest Nations
	11.1	 Introduction
	11.2	 Water and Health Conditions in Remote Indigenous Populations
		11.2.1	 United States of America
			The Navajo Nation
			Crow Reservation
		11.2.2	 Canada
			Inuit Communities of Labrador
			First Nations Communities in the Province of Ontario
		11.2.3	 Australia
			Goldfields of Western Australia
			Desert Communities of Northern Territory
	11.3	 Challenges to Progress – Lack of Funding and Political Will
		11.3.1	 United States of America
		11.3.2	 Canada
		11.3.3	 Australia
		11.3.4	 COVID-19 Impacts – The Latest Challenge for All
	11.4	 Water Treatment Solutions – A Key to Progress
	11.5	 Conclusion
	References
12: Common Themes, Accelerating Progress and Beyond 2030
	12.1	 Recognising System Interactions
	12.2	 Emerging Themes
		12.2.1	South America
		12.2.2	Small Island Developing States
		12.2.3	Africa
		12.2.4	Russia
		12.2.5	China
		12.2.6	Sri Lanka
		12.2.7	Indigenous Communities
	12.3	 Actions to Accelerate Progress
	12.4	 Beyond 2030
	References
Index