ورود به حساب

نام کاربری گذرواژه

گذرواژه را فراموش کردید؟ کلیک کنید

حساب کاربری ندارید؟ ساخت حساب

ساخت حساب کاربری

نام نام کاربری ایمیل شماره موبایل گذرواژه

برای ارتباط با ما می توانید از طریق شماره موبایل زیر از طریق تماس و پیامک با ما در ارتباط باشید


09117307688
09117179751

در صورت عدم پاسخ گویی از طریق پیامک با پشتیبان در ارتباط باشید

دسترسی نامحدود

برای کاربرانی که ثبت نام کرده اند

ضمانت بازگشت وجه

درصورت عدم همخوانی توضیحات با کتاب

پشتیبانی

از ساعت 7 صبح تا 10 شب

دانلود کتاب Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice

دانلود کتاب کتاب درسی جراحی سابیستون: مبنای بیولوژیکی عمل جراحی مدرن

Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice

مشخصات کتاب

Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice

ویرایش: 21 
نویسندگان:   
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 0323640621, 9780323640626 
ناشر: Elsevier 
سال نشر: 2021 
تعداد صفحات: 2197 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 143 مگابایت 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 45,000



ثبت امتیاز به این کتاب

میانگین امتیاز به این کتاب :
       تعداد امتیاز دهندگان : 5


در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.

توجه داشته باشید کتاب کتاب درسی جراحی سابیستون: مبنای بیولوژیکی عمل جراحی مدرن نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.


توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب کتاب درسی جراحی سابیستون: مبنای بیولوژیکی عمل جراحی مدرن

برای بیش از 80 سال، کتاب درسی جراحی سابیستون: مبنای بیولوژیکی عمل جراحی مدرن، متنی برای کارآموزان و جراحان در تمام سطوح تجربه برای راهنمایی قطعی در هر جنبه از جراحی عمومی بوده است. به عنوان قدیمی‌ترین کتاب درسی جراحی در آمریکای شمالی که به طور مداوم منتشر می‌شود، این نسخه بیست و یکم به طور کامل بازبینی شده به ارائه اطلاعات کلیدی، مرواریدهای آموزشی ضروری و محتوای کاملاً به روز مورد نیاز برای اتخاذ آگاهانه‌ترین تصمیمات جراحی و دستیابی به نتایج مطلوب برای بیماران ادامه می‌دهد. به طور مختصر نوشته شده و بر اساس شواهد در سراسر آن، گستره مطالب مورد نیاز برای صدور گواهینامه و انجام عمل جراحی عمومی را پوشش می دهد، که با تصاویر دقیق و تمام رنگی حین عمل و کلیپ های ویدیویی با کیفیت بالا برجسته شده است.
  • پیشرفت واضح و ثابتی را دنبال می کند. با اصول مشترک در تخصص های جراحی از جمله مدیریت مایعات و الکترولیت ها، حمایت متابولیک و بهبود زخم شروع می شود. بخش های بعدی مدیریت آسیب، پیوند، انکولوژی، پستان، غدد درون ریز و روش های شکمی را بررسی می کند.
  • موضوعات کلیدی مانند فناوری‌ها و دستگاه‌های جراحی نوظهور، پزشکی احیاکننده، آخرین مفاهیم در زیست‌شناسی سرطان و درمان‌ها و مدیریت و درمان مبتنی بر شواهد را پوشش می‌دهد.
  • بر به‌روزترین تکنیک‌های کم تهاجمی و استفاده از رباتیک در صورت لزوم تأکید می‌کند.
  • بیش از 2000 تصویر فوق العاده و عکس حین عمل و 25 فیلم رویه ای دارد که درک سریع تکنیک های جراحی را تسهیل می کند.
  • شامل نمودارهای شماتیک بیشتر، جداول خلاصه، جعبه ها و الگوریتم هایی است که منبعی غنی برای بررسی تکنیک های جراحی و آماده شدن برای معاینات درون آموزشی و بورد فراهم می کند.
  • تخصص ده ها نویسنده جدید را به اشتراک می گذارد و شامل دو فصل جدید در مورد جراحی رباتیک و جراحی جنین است.
  • حاوی محتوای کاملاً به روز شده در مورد موضوعاتی است که دستیاران جراحی عمومی در دوره آموزشی با آنها مواجه می شوند و همچنین پوشش عمیقی از حوزه های فوق تخصصی از جمله سر و گردن، قفسه سینه، عروق، اورولوژی، جراحی مغز و اعصاب، اطفال و زنان را پوشش می دهد.
  • نسخه کتاب الکترونیکی پیشرفته همراه با خرید ارائه شده است. کتاب الکترونیکی پیشرفته شما به شما امکان می دهد به تمام متن، شکل ها و مراجع کتاب در دستگاه های مختلف دسترسی داشته باشید.

توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی

For more than 80 years, Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice has been the go-to text for trainees and surgeons at all levels of experience for definitive guidance on every aspect of general surgery. As the oldest continuously published textbook of surgery in North America, this fully revised 21st Edition continues to provide the key information, essential teaching pearls, and completely updated content needed to make the most informed surgical decisions and achieve optimal outcomes for patients. Concisely written and evidence based throughout, it covers the breadth of material required for certification and practice of general surgery, highlighted by detailed, full-color intraoperative illustrations and high-quality video clips.
  • Follows a clear, consistent progression beginning with principles common to surgical specialties including fluid and electrolyte management, metabolic support, and wound healing. Subsequent sections review the management of injury, transplantation, oncology, breast, endocrine, and abdominal procedures.
  • Covers key topics such as emerging surgical technologies and devices, regenerative medicine, the latest concepts in cancer biology and treatments, and evidence-based management and treatment.
  • Emphasizes the most up-to-date minimally invasive techniques and the use of robotics when indicated.
  • Features more than 2,000 superb illustrations and intraoperative photographs and 25 procedural videos that facilitate quick comprehension of surgical techniques.
  • Includes more schematic diagrams, summary tables, boxes, and algorithms that provide a rich resource for reviewing surgical techniques and preparing for in-training and board exams.
  • Shares the expertise of dozens of new authors and includes two new chapters on robotic surgery and fetal surgery.
  • Contains fully updated content on topics encountered by general surgery residents in training as well as in-depth coverage of subspecialty areas including head and neck, thoracic, vascular, urology, neurosurgery, pediatrics, and gynecology.
  • Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.


فهرست مطالب

Front Cover
IFC
IFC
SABISTON TEXTBOOK of SURGERY The BIOLOGICAL BASIS
Copyright
Dedication
CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
FOREWORD
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CONTENTS
VIDEO CONTENTS
I - Surgical Basis Principles
	1 - The Rise of Modern Surgery:: An Overview
		THE BEGINNINGS
		KNOWLEDGE OF ANATOMY
		CONTROL OF BLEEDING
		CONTROL OF PAIN
		CONTROL OF INFECTION
		OTHER ADVANCES THAT FURTHERED THE RISE OF MODERN SURGERY
			X-Rays
				Blood Transfusion
				Frozen Section
		ASCENT OF SCIENTIFIC SURGERY
			Standardized Postgraduate Surgical Education and Training Programs
				Experimental Surgical Research Laboratories
				Specialty Journals, Textbooks, Monographs, and Treatises
				Professional Societies and Licensing Organizations
		THE MODERN ERA
		DIVERSITY
		THE FUTURE
		SELECTED REFERENCES
	2 - Ethics and Professionalism in Surgery
		ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS
		PHYSICIAN–PATIENT RELATIONSHIP
		SURGICAL TRAINING AND INNOVATION
		CONCLUSION
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	3 - The Inflammatory Response
		COMPONENTS OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
			Cells of the Immune System
				Neutrophils
					Macrophages
					Dendritic Cells
					T Cell
					B Cell
				Innate Immunity
					Toll-Like Receptors
					Inflammasome
					High-Mobility Group Box Protein 1
					Cytokines
				Complement System
				Adaptive Immunity
				The Nervous System and Immunity
					The Inflammatory Reflex Arc
					The Neuroendocrine System and Inflammation
		INFLAMMATION AND THE CRITICALLY ILL
			Historical Perspective
				Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
				Compensatory Antiinflammatory Response
				Genomics and Understanding Inflammation
				Diagnosis and Immunotherapy in Sepsis
				Multiple Organ Failure
				Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression, and Catabolism Syndrome
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	4 - Shock, Electrolytes, and Fluid
		HISTORY
			Resuscitation
				Shock
				Fluids
				Blood Transfusions
				Bleeding
				Shock Index
				Lactate and Base Deficit
				Compensatory Mechanisms
				Lethal Triad
					Acidosis
					Hypothermia
					Coagulopathy
				Oxygen Delivery
				Optimization (Supernormalization)
				Global Perfusion Versus Regional Perfusion
				Septic Shock
				Bleeding
				Trauma Immunology and Inflammation
				Detrimental Impact of Fluids
				Damage Control Resuscitation
				Whole Blood Resuscitation
				Resuscitation With 1:1:1
				Massive Transfusion Protocol
				Crystalloids
				Hypertonic Saline
				Colloids
				Blood Substitutes
				Perfluorocarbons
				Novel Fluids
				Dried Plasma
				Pharmacologic Agents
				Suspended Animation
				Body Water
				Maintenance Fluids
				Adrenal Gland
				Antidiuretic Hormone and Water
				Sodium
					Hyponatremia
					Hypernatremia
				Potassium
					Hypokalemia
					Hyperkalemia
				Calcium
					Hypocalcemia
					Hypercalcemia
				Magnesium
					Hypomagnesemia
					Hypermagnesemia
			SELECTED REFERENCES
			REFERENCES
	5 - Metabolism in Surgical Patients
		METABOLIC SCIENCE
			History of Metabolism Research
			Cellular Bioenergetics
			Maintenance of Cell Structure and Function
		SURGICAL METABOLISM
			Assessment of Nutritional Status
			Metabolism in Critical Illness
			Inflammatory Diseases Without Hypermetabolism
			Inflammatory Diseases With Hypermetabolism
		CONCLUSION
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	6 -  Wound Healing
		WOUND-HEALING PHASES
			Inflammatory Phase
				Hemostasis and Inflammation
				Increased Vascular Permeability
				Chemokines
				Polymorphonuclear Cells
				Macrophages
				Lymphocytes
			Proliferative Phase
				Angiogenesis
				Fibroplasia
			Epithelialization
				Extracellular Matrix
			Maturational Phase
			Remodeling
		ABNORMAL WOUND HEALING
			Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids
				Prevention of Hypertrophic or Keloid Scars
					Linear Hypertrophic Scars
					Widespread Hypertrophic Scars
					Keloids
				Chronic Nonhealing Wounds
				Other Causes of Abnormal Wound Healing
					Hypoxia
					Diabetes
					Ionizing Radiation
					Aging
					Malnutrition
					Drugs
				Treatment of Chronic Wounds
		WOUND DRESSINGS
		OTHER THERAPIES
			Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
				Negative Pressure–Assisted Wound Therapy
		FETAL WOUND HEALING
		TISSUE ENGINEERING
		GENE AND STEM CELL THERAPY
		NEW HORIZONS
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	7 - Regenerative Medicine
		STEM CELL SOURCES
			Embryonic Stem Cells
			Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
			Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
			Fetal Stem Cells
			Adult Stem Cells
			Hematopoietic Stem Cells
			Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
			Bone Marrow–Derived Stromal Cells
			Adipose Tissue–Derived Stem/Stromal Cells
			Endothelial Progenitor Cells
			Skeletal Stem Cells
			Miscellaneous Adult Stem Cells
			Stem Cells and Cancer
		BIOENGINEERING FOR REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
			Biomaterials as Constructs for Cell Delivery and Cell Differentiation
				Organ-Level Tissue Engineering
		CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF STEM CELLS
			Embryonic Stem Cells
				Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
				Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
				Bone Marrow Transplant
				Multipotent Adult Stem Cells
		CONCLUSION
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	8 - Critical Assessment of Surgical Outcomes and Health Services Research
		EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH TO SURGERY
			Evaluating Research Study Questions
				Study Design
					Randomized Controlled Trials
					Cross-Sectional Study
					Case-Control Study
					Cohort Study
					Case Series and Reports
				Synthetic and Systematic Outcome Studies
					Meta Analyses
					Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
					Systematic Reviews
					Qualitative Data Analysis
		APPRAISING SURGICAL EVIDENCE
			Evaluating Study Quality
				Internal Validity
					Hypothesis Testing
		INTERPRETING AND APPLYING EVIDENCE TO SURGICAL PRACTICE
		CONCLUSION
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	9 - Safety in the Surgical Environment
		FOSTERING A CULTURE OF SAFETY THROUGH LEADERSHIP
		LOCAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES TO PROMOTE PERIOPERATIVE SAFETY
		NATIONAL AND HEALTH CARE SYSTEM–LEVEL SAFETY INITIATIVES
		SYSTEM-LEVEL INTERVENTIONS IMPROVE SAFETY
		CONCLUSION
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
II - Perioperative Management
	10 - Principles of Preoperative and Operative Surgery
		Principles of Surgical Evaluation
			Patient–Surgeon Relationship
			Surgical Objectives
			Elective, Urgent, and Emergent Indications
			Risk Assessment
			Informed Consent
		Assessment of Geriatric Surgical Patients
			Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment
				Cognitive Impairment and Delirium
				Depression
				Medication Management
				Functional Status and Frailty
				Patient Counseling
		Systems Approach to Preoperative Evaluation
			Cardiovascular System
				Risk Prediction Scales/Indices
					Preoperative Testing (Electrocardiogram, Echocardiography, Stress Test, Angiography)
					Surgery After Coronary Revascularization
					Other High-Risk Cardiac Patients
					Perioperative Cardiovascular Medications
				Pulmonary System
				Renal System
				Hepatobiliary System
				Hematologic System
					Anemia
					Inherited Coagulopathy
					Antiplatelet Therapies
					Anticoagulation
					Oral Direct Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibitors
				Endocrine System
					Diabetes Mellitus
					Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism
					Adrenocortical System
					Neoplastic Endocrinopathies
				Nutrition and Obesity
					Preoperative Nutrition Assessment
					Nutrition Supplementation
					Obesity
				Patient Recovery Pathways
				Antibiotic Prophylaxis
				Review of Medications
				Preoperative Fasting
		Operating Room
			Maintenance of Normothermia
				Preoperative Skin Preparation
				Hemostasis
				Wound Closure
				Surgical Adhesives
				Electrosurgery and Electrocautery
					Monopolar Electrosurgery
					Bipolar Electrosurgery
					LigaSure and Enseal
					Saline-Cooled Radiofrequency Dissectors
				Ultrasonic Dissectors
					Harmonic Scalpel
					Cavitron Ultrasound Surgical Aspirator
				Ablation Technology
					Radiofrequency Ablation
					Microwave Ablation
				Other Energy Devices
					Argon Beam Coagulator
				Surgical Staplers
				Malignant Hyperthermia
				Gas Embolus: Air and Carbon Dioxide
				Myocardial Infarction, Pulmonary Embolus, and Pneumothorax
				Hemorrhage
		Outpatient Surgery
		Selected References
		References
	11 - Surgical Infections and Antibiotic Use
		SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS
			Classification of Surgical Site Infection
			Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection
			Surgical Site Infection Prevention
		NECROTIZING SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
			Diagnosis
				Imaging
				Local Exploration
				Treatment of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
		Surgery
			Antibiotics
				Resuscitation
					Wound Care and Reconstruction
		SPECIFIC INFECTIONS
			Intraabdominal Abscess
				Definition, Etiology, and Classification of Intraabdominal Abscess
					Diagnostic Evaluation
				Intrathoracic Abscess
					Management of Pleural Empyema
				Clostridium difficile Infection
				Clostridium septicum and Colorectal Malignancy
		HEALTH CARE–ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
			Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infections
				Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections
				Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
		ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
		CLINICALLY IMPORTANT PATHOGENS
			Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
				Mode of Transmission
					Reservoirs
					Risk Factors for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections
					Treatment
				Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus
					Mode of Transmission
					VRE Reservoirs
					Risk Factors for VRE Infection
					Treatment
				Fungal Infections in Surgical Patients
					Mode of Transmission
					Risk Factors
					Diagnosis
					Treatment of Invasive Fungal Infections
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	12 - Surgical Complications
		Wound Complications
			Seroma
				Hematoma
					Presentation and Management
				Acute Wound Failure (Dehiscence)
					Causes
					Presentation and Management
				Surgical Site Infection
					Prevention and Management
		Thermal Regulation
			Hypothermia
				Causes
					Presentation
					Treatment
				Malignant Hyperthermia
				Postoperative Fever
					Causes
		Respiratory Complications
			General Considerations
				Atelectasis
				Pneumonia
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Aspiration Pneumonitis and Aspiration Pneumonia
					Causes
					Presentation and Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Pulmonary Edema and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
					Presentation and Diagnosis
					Management
				Venous Thromboembolism
					Presentation and Diagnosis
					Management
		Cardiac Complications
			Perioperative Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction
				Cause
					Presentation and Diagnosis
					Prevention and Management
				Postoperative Hypertension
					Causes
					Presentation and Management
				Postoperative Arrhythmias
					Presentation
				Postoperative Heart Failure
					Presentation and Management
		Renal and Urinary Complications
			Acute Kidney Injury
				Urinary Retention29
					Presentation and Management
		Endocrine Dysfunction
			Adrenal Insufficiency
				Causes
					Presentation
					Management
				Hyperthyroid Crisis
					Causes
					Presentation and Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Hypothyroidism
					Causes
					Presentation and Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
					Causes
					Presentation
					Treatment
		Gastrointestinal Complications
			Ileus and Early Postoperative Bowel Obstruction
				Causes
					Presentation
					Treatment
				Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
					Cause
					Presentation
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Postoperative Gastrointestinal Bleeding
					Causes
					Presentation
					Diagnosis and Treatment
				Stomal Complications
					Causes
					Presentation and Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Clostridioides difficile Colitis
					Clinical Presentation
					Diagnosis
					Prevention and Management
				Anastomotic Leak
					Causes
					Presentation and Diagnosis
				Intestinal Fistulas
					Causes
					Presentation and Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Pancreatic Fistulas
		Hepatobiliary Complications
			Bile Duct Injuries
				Causes
					Presentation and Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Vasculobiliary Injury
		Neurologic Complications
			Postoperative Delirium
				Cause and Risk Factors
					Presentation
					Prevention and Management
				Perioperative Seizure
				Perioperative Stroke
					Causes and Presentation
					Treatment
		Ear, Nose, and Throat Complications
			Epistaxis
				Nosocomial Sinusitis
				Acute Hearing Loss
				Parotitis
		The Geriatric Patient and Frailty
			Treatment
				Recommendations
		Selected References
		References
	13 - Surgery in the Geriatric Patient
		Outcomes of Surgery in Older Adults
		Frailty and Physiologic Decline
			Frailty
				Organ-Specific Decline
					Cardiovascular System
					Respiratory System
					Renal System
					Hepatobiliary System
					Immune Function
					Glucose Homeostasis
				Patient Counseling
					Surgical Decision-Making
					Advanced Directives
					Palliative Care
				Screening to Identify High-Risk Characteristics
					Cognitive Assessment
					Capacity
					Delirium Risk
					Depression
					Functional Assessment
					Mobility/Fall Risk Assessment
					Nutritional Status and Swallowing Function
					Medication Management
				Multimodality Pain Control
				Delirium
				Aspiration
				Deconditioning
		Transitions of Care
		Surgery of Major Organ Systems
			Endocrine Surgery
				Thyroid Disease
					Parathyroid Disease
				Breast Disease
					Epidemiology
					Presentation and Screening
					Pathology and Treatment
				Gastrointestinal Surgery
					Esophagus
					Stomach
					Biliary Tract Disease
					Liver
					Small Bowel Obstruction
					Appendicitis
					Carcinoma of the Colon and Rectum
					Abdominal Wall Hernias
				Vascular Diseases
					Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
					Carotid Artery Disease
					Peripheral Vascular Disease
				Cardiothoracic Diseases
					Coronary Artery Disease
					Valvular Disease
					Lung Cancer
				Trauma
				Transplantation
		Selected References
		References
	14 - Anesthesiology Principles, Pain Management, and Conscious Sedation
		Pharmacologic Principles
			Inhalational Agents
				Nitrous Oxide
				Isoflurane
				Sevoflurane
				Desflurane
			Intravenous Agents
				Induction Agents
				Opioids
				Neuromuscular Blockers
		Anesthesia Equipment
			Blood Pressure Monitoring
				Electrocardiography
				Ventilation Monitoring
				Oxygenation Monitoring
				Temperature Monitoring
				Neuromuscular Blockade Monitoring
				Central Nervous System Monitoring
				Hemodynamic Monitoring (Transesophageal Echocardiography/Right Heart Catheter)
				Point-of-Care Ultrasound
		Preoperative Evaluation
			Airway Examination
				Cardiovascular Disease
					Endocarditis Prophylaxis
				Pulmonary Disease
				Renal and Hepatic Disease
				Nutrition, Endocrinology, and Metabolism
				Fasting Before Surgery
				Assessment of Physical Status
				Risk of Anesthesia
				Selection of a Specific Technique
		Airway Management
		General Anesthesia
		Regional Anesthesia
			Local Anesthetic Drugs
				Spinal Anesthesia
				Epidural Anesthesia
				Peripheral Nerve Blocks
				Abdominal Wall Blocks
				Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Pathways
		Conscious Sedation
		Postanesthesia Care
			Postoperative Agitation, Delirium, and Cognitive Decline
				Respiratory Complications
				Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
				Hypothermia
				Circulatory Complications
				Postoperative Visual Loss
		Acute Pain Management
			Mechanisms of Acute Pain
				Methods of Analgesia
					Opioids
					Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
					Local Anesthetics for the Management of Acute Pain
					Combination Analgesic Therapy
					Neuraxial Analgesia
					Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia
					Selection of Methods of Postoperative Analgesia
				Chronic Pain
				Specific Types of Acute Pain Patients
					Patients With a History of Chronic Pain
					Patients With a History of Substance Abuse
					Pediatric Patients
					Elderly Patients
		Conclusion
		Selected References
		References
	15 - Emerging Technology in Surgery: Informatics, Electronics
		Recent Significant Advances in Surgical Technology
			Continuing Evolution of Minimal-Access Surgery
			Advances in Endoscopy as a Surgical Platform
			Evolution of Minimally Invasive Robotic Surgery
			Digitization and Augmentation of Surgery
		Evolving Technologies in Surgery
			3D Printing and Bioprinting
				Artificial Intelligence
				Intraoperative Diagnostic Tools for Targeted Surgery
		Process of Innovation in Surgery
		Conclusion
		Selected References
		References
	16 - Robotic Surgery
		Preface
		History
		Preparing for Robotic Surgery
			Understanding da Vinci Si and Xi Surgical Systems
				Operating Room Setup
				Choosing Robotic Instruments
		Current Status of Selected Robotic Operations
			Robotic Ventral Hernia Repair With Mesh
				Robotic Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer
				Robotic Pancreatic Surgery
					Robotic Pancreaticoduodenectomy
				Robotic Distal Pancreatectomy
				Robotic Liver Resections
					Robotic Versus Laparoscopic Liver Resections
					Difference in Lesion Location
		Conclusion
		Selected References
		References
III - Trauma and Critical Care
	17 - Management of Acute Trauma
		Overview and History
		Trauma Systems
		Injury Scoring
		Prehospital Trauma Care
		Initial Assessment and Management
			Airway
				Breathing
				Circulation
				Disability and Exposure
				Resuscitative Thoracotomy and Endovascular Aortic Occlusion
				Secondary Survey
		Management of Specific Injuries
			Damage Control Principles
				Injuries to the Brain
					Immediate Management
					Evaluation
					Management
				Injuries to the Spinal Cord and the Vertebral Column
					Immediate Management
					Evaluation
					Management
				Injury to the Maxillofacial Region
					Immediate Management
					Evaluation
					Management
				Injuries to the Neck
					Immediate Management
					Evaluation
					Management
				Injuries to the Chest
					Immediate Management
					Evaluation
					Management
				Injuries to the Abdomen
					Blunt Abdominal Trauma Evaluation
					Penetrating Abdominal Trauma Evaluation
					Management
				Injuries to the Pelvis and Extremities
		Rehabilitation
		Selected References
		References
	18 - The Difficult Abdominal Wall
		Suture Material
		Closure Technique
		Prophylactic Mesh
		Abdominal Fascial Dehiscence
		Temporary Abdominal Closure
		Management of the Open Abdomen and Assessing Readiness for Abdominal Closure
		Pharmacologic Adjuncts to Closure
		Synthetic Mesh Failure
		Challenges in the Contaminated Field
		Seroma and Skin Necrosis
		Perioperative Considerations
		Summary
		Selected References
		References
	19 - Emergency Care of Musculoskeletal Injuries
		Epidemiology of Orthopedic Injuries
		Terminology
			Fracture Types
				Other Injuries
		Fixation Principles
		Patient Evaluation
			History
				Trauma Room Evaluation
				Diagnostic Imaging
					Shoulder
					Elbow
					Forearm and Wrist
					Pelvis and Acetabulum
					Hip
					Knee
					Ankle
					Foot
					Spine
				Vascular Injuries
				Initial Management
				Wound Management
				Reduction and Immobilization
				Traction
				Prioritization of Surgical Care
		Time-Dependent Orthopedic Injuries
			Open Fractures
				Classification
				Initial Management
				Limb Salvage Versus Primary Amputation
				Fractures Secondary to Firearm Injury
				Skeletal Stabilization
		Acute Compartment Syndrome
			Pathogenesis
				Diagnosis
				Surgical Treatment
		Pelvic Ring Disruption
			Classification
				Management
					Initial Stabilization
					Definitive Management
		Spinal Injuries
			Evaluation
				Management
		Dislocations
			A dislocated joint is considered an orthopedic emergency because of the possibility of neurovascular injury and damage to the ar...
				Patient Evaluation
				Special Considerations for the Trauma Setting
				Treatment
		Vascular Injuries
			Incidence and Recognition
				Management
		Common Long Bone Fractures
			Femur Fractures
				Epidemiology and Significance
					Initial Management
					Definitive Stabilization
				Tibial Shaft Fractures
					Epidemiology and Significance
					Blood Supply
					Associated Soft Tissue Injuries
					Management and Treatment
				Humerus Shaft Fractures
					Epidemiology, Acceptable Alignment, and Associated Injuries
					Treatment
		Challenges and Complications
			Missed Injuries
				Drug and Alcohol Use
				Thromboembolic Complications
				Pulmonary Failure: Fat Emboli Syndrome and ARDS
		Postoperative Mobilization
		Summary
		Selected References
		References
	20 - Burns
		General Considerations
		Burn Units
		Pathophysiology of Burns
			Local Changes
				Burn Depth
				Burn Size
			Systemic Changes
				Inflammation and Edema
				Effects on the Renal System
				Effects on the Immune System
				Hypermetabolism
		Initial Treatment of Burns
			Prehospital
				Initial Assessment
				Wound Care
				Transport
				Resuscitation
				Escharotomies
		Inhalation Injury
		Wound Care
			Antimicrobials
				Synthetic and Biologic Dressings
				Excision and Grafting
		Minimizing Complications
			Etiology and Pathophysiology
				Prevention
				Organ Failure
					Renal Failure
					Pulmonary Failure
					Hepatic Failure
					Hematologic Failure
		Nutrition
		Electrical Burns
			Initial Treatment
				Delayed Effects
		Chemical Burns
			Alkali
				Acids
				Hydrocarbons
		Summary
		Selected References
		References
	21 - Bites and Stings
		SNAKEBITES
			Epidemiology
				Venomous Species Indigenous to United States
				Pathophysiology
				Clinical Manifestations
				Management
				Antivenin Therapy
				Coagulopathy of Envenomation
				Fasciotomy
		MAMMALIAN BITES
			Epidemiology
				Treatment
					Evaluation
					Wound Care
					Microbiology
					Antibiotics
					Rabies
		ARTHROPOD BITES AND STINGS
			Black Widow Spiders
				Toxicology
					Clinical Manifestations
					Treatment
				Brown Recluse Spiders
					Toxicology
					Clinical Manifestations
					Treatment
				Scorpions
					Toxicology
					Clinical Manifestations
					Treatment
				Ticks
				Hymenoptera
					Toxicology
					Clinical Reactions
					Treatment
		MARINE BITES AND STINGS
			Initial Assessment
				Microbiology of Marine-Related Soft Tissue Infections
				General Management
					Wound Care
					Antivenom
				Injuries From Nonvenomous Aquatic Animals
					Sharks
					Moray Eels
					Alligators and Crocodiles
					Miscellaneous
				Envenomation by Invertebrates
					Coelenterates
					Sponges
					Echinodermata
					Mollusks
					Annelid Worms (Bristleworms)
				Envenomation by Vertebrates
					Stingrays
					Miscellaneous Fish
					Sea Snakes
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	22 - Surgical Critical Care
		NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM
			Pain and Agitation
			Altered Mental Status and Delirium
		CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
			Cardiac Physiology
				Cardiac Arrhythmias
					Supraventricular Tachycardias
					Bradycardia
				Shock
					Hypovolemic Shock
					Hemorrhagic Shock
					Cardiogenic Shock
					Obstructive Shock
				Myocardial Infarction
		RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
			Respiratory Physiology
				Oxygen Therapy
				Noninvasive Ventilation
				Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation
				Standard Modes of Mechanical Ventilation
					Volume Assist Control
					Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation
					Pressure Support Ventilation
				Advanced Modes of Mechanical Ventilation
					High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation
					Airway Pressure Release Ventilation and Biphasic Positive Airway Pressure Ventilation
					Pressure Regulated Volume Control and Adaptive Support Ventilation
					Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
				Extubation or Tracheostomy
				Pulmonary Pathology
					Pulmonary Embolism
					Pneumonia
					Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
		GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
			Nutritional Requirements of the Critically Ill Patient
				Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
				Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis
		HEPATIC SYSTEM
			Perioperative Management of the Cirrhotic Patient
				Management of Liver Injuries
		RENAL SYSTEM
			Physiology
				Acid Base Disturbances
					Metabolic Acidosis
					Metabolic Alkalosis
					Respiratory Acidosis
					Respiratory Alkalosis
				Electrolyte Abnormalities
					Hyponatremia
					Hypernatremia
				Acute Kidney Injury
					Hyperkalemia
					Volume Overload
					Metabolic Acidosis
					Hypocalcemia and Hyperphosphatemia
		HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM
			Thromboelastography
				Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
				Venous Thromboembolism
				Hemoglobin Transfusion Strategies
		ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
			Glucose Control
				Adrenal Insufficiency
				Thyroid Dysfunction
		INFECTIOUS DISEASES
			General Principles
				Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections
				Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections
				Diarrhea and Clostridioides difficile
				Other Common Infectious Issues in the ICU
					Intra abdominal Infections
					Thrombophlebitis
		SPECIAL ISSUES
			The Open Abdomen
				Palliative Care
				Multisystem Organ Failure and Futility
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	23 - Bedside Surgical Procedures
		RATIONALE FOR BEDSIDE SURGICAL PROCEDURES
		TAKING THE OPERATING ROOM TO THE BEDSIDE
		BEDSIDE LAPAROTOMY
		TRACHEOSTOMY
		PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY
		BRONCHOSCOPY
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	24 - The Surgeon’s Role in Mass Casualty Incidents
		History
		Key Definitions
		Mascal Key Principles
		Critical Mascal Lessons Learned
			Training
				Triage Systems
				Readiness
				Understanding the Hospital Incident Command System
				Integration of Systems
				Security
				Communications
				Regional
				Local Integration
				Documentation and Patient Tracking
				Community Elements and Other Considerations
				Adaptable
				Grow (Elements of a Learning Health System)
				Exsanguination Control Along the Spectrum
		Conclusions
		Selected References
		References
IV - Transplantation andImmunology
	25 - Transplantation Immunobiology and Immunosuppression
		The Immune Response
			Innate Immunity
				Monocytes
				Dendritic Cells
				Natural Killer Cells
				Acquired Immunity
				Major Histocompatibility Locus: Transplant Antigens
				Human Histocompatibility Complex
					Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex
					Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex
					Human Leukocyte Antigen Typing: Implications for Transplantation
				Cellular Components of the Acquired Immune System
					T-Cell Receptor
					T-Cell Activation
					Costimulation
					T-Cell Effector Functions
					Cytokines
					B Cells and Antibody Production
		Transplant Immunity
			Rejection
				Hyperacute Rejection
				Acute Rejection
				Chronic Rejection
		Immunosuppression
			Induction Therapy
				Antithymocyte Globulin
					Anti–IL-2 Receptor Antibodies
					OKT3
					Alemtuzumab
				Maintenance Immunosuppression
					Corticosteroids
					Antiplasma Cell Therapies
					Novel Immunosuppressive Agents
				Complications of Immunosuppression
					Risk of Infection
					Risk for Malignant Disease
					Nonimmune Side Effects
		Tolerance
			Lymphocyte Depletion
				Costimulation Blockade
				Chimerism
		Xenotransplantation
			Concordant Xenografts
				Discordant Xenografts
		New Areas of Transplantation
			Islet Cell Transplantation
				Vascularized Composite Tissue Transplantation
				Uterus Transplantation
		Conclusion
		Selected References
		References
	26 - Liver Transplantation
		History
		Indications
		Noncholestatic Cirrhosis
			Alcoholic
				Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
					Hepatitis C
					Cryptogenic
					Autoimmune
					Hepatitis B
				Cholestatic Liver Disease
					Primary Biliary Cholangitis
					Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
					Caroli Disease
				Acute Liver Failure
				Malignant Neoplasms
					Hepatocellular Cancer
					Cholangiocarcinoma
				Other
					Budd-Chiari Syndrome
				Very Rare Causes of Liver Failure That Can Be Addressed With Liver Transplantation
					Total Parenteral Nutrition/Hyperalimentation-Induced Liver Disease
					Polycystic Liver Disease
					Hepatic Adenoma
					Metastatic Cancer
					Hemangioendothelioma
					Wilson Disease
		Contraindications
		Meld and Allocation
		Donor Selection
		Preoperative Evaluation
		Surgical Considerations
		Postoperative Management
		Complications and Their Treatment
		Immunosuppression
			Donor
				Recipient
		Pediatric Liver Transplantation
		Selected References
		References
	27 - Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation
		HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
		Kidney Transplantation
			Indications
			Patient Selection
			Living Donor Selection
			Laparoscopic Surgical Technique
			Open Surgical Technique
			Postoperative Care and Follow-up of Living Donors
			Deceased Donor Surgical Technique
				Preservation and Storage
				Recipient Operation
			Kidney Allocation
			Postoperative Surgical Complications
				Hemorrhage
				Venous Thrombosis
				Arterial Thrombosis
				Arterial Stenosis
				Urologic Complications
				Lymphocele
				Infections
			Outcomes
		Pancreas Transplantation
			Patient Selection
				Pancreas Donor
				Pancreas Procurement, Preparation, and Transplantation
				Drainage Techniques
					Exocrine Drainage
				Surgical Complications
					Leak
				Outcomes
		Islet Transplantation
			Isolation and Infusion Techniques
				Outcomes
		Selected References
		References
	28 - Small Bowel Transplantation
		History
		Indications for Intestine Transplantation
		Evaluation
			Recipient Evaluation
				Donor Evaluation
				Donor and Recipient Surgical and Technical Considerations
					Isolated Intestine Transplantation
					Intestine Allograft in Combination with Other Abdominal Organs
					Other Technical Variations
		Immunosuppression
		Complications
			Surgical and Perioperative Complications
				Monitoring and Rejection
				Infection
		Outcomes
			Patient and Graft Survival
				Cost
				Quality of Life
		Conclusion
		Selected References
		References
V - Surgical Oncology
	29 - Tumor Biology and Tumor Markers
		Selected References
		References
	30 - Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy
		OVERVIEW OF TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY
		IMMUNOTHERAPY
		CONCLUSION
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	31 - Melanoma and Cutaneous Malignancies
		Melanoma
			Epidemiology
			Precursor Lesions
			Pathogenesis
			Initial Evaluation
				Biopsy
				Pathology
			Staging
				AJCC Staging
				Beyond the AJCC TNM Staging
				Additional Workup and Imaging
			Treatment
				Wide Local Excision
				Evaluation and Management of Regional Lymph Nodes
				Adjuvant Therapy
				Surveillance
				Treatment of Locoregional Recurrent Disease
				Treatment of Metastatic Disease
			Special Situations and Noncutaneous Melanoma
				Unknown Primary Melanoma
				Melanoma and Pregnancy
				Noncutaneous Melanoma
		Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Presentation and Risk Factors
					Treatment
				Basal Cell Carcinoma
					Presentation and Risk Factors
					Treatment
				Merkel Cell Carcinoma
				Other Cutaneous Malignancies
					Cutaneous Angiosarcoma
					Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
					Kaposi Sarcoma
					Extramammary Paget Disease
		Selected References
		References
	32 - Soft Tissue Sarcoma
		EPIDEMIOLOGY
		CORE CONCEPTS
			Germline Mutations
				Neurofibromatosis Type 1
				Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
		Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Gardner Syndrome
			Radiation
				Carcinogens
					Gene Fusions and Molecular Testing
				Staging
					Tumor Grade
				Clinical Evaluation
					Lipomatous Tumors
					Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Reclassification
		TRUNK AND EXTREMITY SARCOMA
			Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
				Desmoid Tumor
				Angiosarcoma
				Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
		RETROPERITONEAL AND VISCERAL SARCOMA
			Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
				Leiomyosarcoma
		SUMMARY
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	33 - Bone Tumors
		OVERVIEW
		BONE MICROENVIRONMENT
		BONE MACROENVIRONMENT
		BIOPSY
		STAGING
		ONCOLOGIC RESECTION
		SKELETAL RECONSTRUCTION
			Skeletal Stabilization Utilized in Intralesional Resections
				Skeletal Reconstruction Utilized in Wide Resections
					Allograft
					Arthroplasty
					Amputation
		BENIGN BONE TUMORS
			Enchondroma
				Osteochondroma
				Osteoid Osteoma
				Giant Cell Tumor
		SKELETAL SARCOMAS
			Osteosarcoma
				Ewing Sarcoma
				Chondrosarcoma
		BONE METASTASES
		CONCLUSION
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
VI - HEAD AND NECK
	34 - Head and Neck
		NORMAL HISTOLOGY
		Epidemiology
		Carcinogenesis
		Staging
		Clinical Overview
			Evaluation
				Lymphatic Spread
				Therapeutic Options
		Anatomic Sites
			Neck
				Oral Cavity
					Oral Cavity Malignancy
					Oral Cavity Cancer Treatment
					Subsites of the Oral Cavity
				Oropharynx
					Anatomy
					Oropharyngeal Cancer and Treatment
				Hypopharynx
					Anatomy
					Hypopharyngeal Cancer and Therapy
				Larynx
					Anatomy
					Laryngeal Cancer and Therapy
					Treatment of Larynx Cancer
					Complications and Morbidity following Nonsurgical Treatment
					Speech and Swallowing Rehabilitation
				Salivary
					Anatomy
					Nonneoplastic Salivary Disease
					Neoplasms of the Salivary Glands
					Salivary Cancer and Therapy
					Surgical Technique
				Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
					Anatomy
					Pathology of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
					Evaluation and Treatment of Sinonasal Cancer
				Nasopharynx
					Anatomy
					Pathology of the Nasopharynx
					Parasellar and Pituitary Skull Base Surgery
				Ear and Temporal Bone
					Anatomy
					Pathology of the Ear and Temporal Bone
					Evaluation of Ear and Temporal Bone Tumors
					Treatment of Ear and Temporal Bone Tumors
		Head and Neck Reconstruction
			Reconstructive Goal 1: Separation of Upper Aerodigestive Tract From Sterile Compartments
				Reconstructive Goal 2: Optimizing Function
				Reconstructive Goal 3: Optimization of Form/Cosmesis
				Reconstructive Options in Head and Neck Surgery
					Secondary Intention
					Primary Closure
					Nonvascularized Grafts
					Adjacent Tissue Transfer and Local Flaps
					Regional Flaps
					Free Tissue Transfer
					Virtual Surgical Planning for Reconstruction of the Facial Skeleton
		Selected References
		Videos
		References
VII - Breast
	35 - Diseases of the Breast
		ANATOMY
		Microscopic Anatomy
		Breast Development and Physiology
			Normal Development and Physiology
				Fibrocystic Changes and Breast Pain
				Abnormal Development and Physiology
					Absent or Accessory Breast Tissue
					Gynecomastia
					Nipple Discharge
					Galactocele
		Diagnosis of Breast Disease
			Patient History
				Physical Examination
				Biopsy
					Fine-Needle Aspiration
					Core Needle Biopsy
					Excisional Biopsy
		Breast Imaging
			Screening Mammography
				Ultrasonography
				Magnetic Resonance Imaging
				Nonpalpable Mammographic Abnormalities
				Image-Localized Surgical Excision of Nonpalpable Breast Lesions
				Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
					Age and Gender
					Personal History of Cancer
					Histologic Risk Factors
					Family History of Breast Cancer and Genetic Risk Factors
					Reproductive Risk Factors
					Exogenous Hormone Use
				Risk Assessment
				Care of High-Risk Patients
					Close Surveillance
					Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer
					Prophylactic Mastectomy
				Summary: Risk Assessment and Management
		Benign Breast Tumors and Related Diseases
			Breast Cysts
				Fibroadenomas and Other Benign Tumors
				Hamartomas and Adenomas
				Breast Infections and Abscess
				Papillomas and Papillomatosis
				Sclerosing Adenosis
				Radial Scars
				Fat Necrosis
		Epidemiology and Pathology of Breast Cancer
			Epidemiology
				Pathology
					Noninvasive Breast Cancer
					Invasive Breast Cancer
					Molecular Markers and Breast Cancer Subtypes
		Staging of Breast Cancer
		Surgical Treatment of Breast Cancer
			Historical Perspective
				Surgical Trials of Local Therapy for Operable Breast Cancer
					Radical Mastectomy Versus Total Mastectomy With or Without Radiation Therapy
					Mastectomy Versus Breast-Conserving Therapy
				Planning Surgical Treatments
				Selection of Surgical Therapy
				Factors Influencing Eligibility for Breast Conservation
					Tumor Size
					Margins
					Histology
					Patient Age
				Breast-Conserving Surgery
					Technical Aspects
					Cosmetic Challenges
					Timing of Oncoplastic Surgery
				Mastectomy
					Indications
					Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction
					Technical Details
				Lymph Node Staging
					Historical Perspective
					Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection
					Lymphatic Mapping Technique and Selection of Patients for Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection
					Outcomes of Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection
		Treatment of Ductal Carcinoma in situ
			Mastectomy
				Breast-Conserving Therapy
				Role of Tamoxifen and Aromatase Inhibitors
				Sentinel Node Surgery
		Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer
			Radiation Therapy after Breast-Conserving Surgery
				Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy
		Systemic Therapy for Breast Cancer
			Goals of Therapy and Assessment of Potential Benefits and Risks from Therapy
				Chemotherapy
				HER-2–Based Targeted Therapy
				Endocrine Therapy
					Tamoxifen
					Aromatase Inhibitors
					Ovarian Ablation
				Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy for Operable Breast Cancer
		Treatment of Special Conditions
			Breast Cancer in Older Adults
				Paget Disease
				Breast Cancer in Men
		Selected References
		References
	36 - Breast Reconstruction
		BREAST CONSERVATION THERAPY—ONCOPLASTIC TECHNIQUES
		Reconstruction After Mastectomy
			Contralateral Breast
			Radiation
			Quality Measurements and Outcomes
			Alloplastic Reconstruction
			Timing—Immediate Versus Delayed
				Delayed
				Immediate
				Delayed-Immediate
			Location of Implant—Prepectoral Versus Subpectoral
				Complications
			Autologous Breast Reconstruction
				Pedicled Flaps (TRAM, Latissimus)
				Complications
			Combination of Reconstruction Techniques With or Without Implants
		Nipple-Areola Reconstruction
		Conclusion
		Selected References
		References
VIII - Endocrine
	37 - Thyroid
		Disclosures
		History of Thyroid Surgery
		Thyroid Embryology and Anatomy
			Embryology
				Median Thyroid Anlage
					Lateral Thyroid Anlage
					Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
					Ectopic Thyroid Tissue
				Anatomy
					Blood and Lymphatic Supply
					Nerves Associated With the Thyroid Gland
		Thyroid Histology and Physiology
			Histology
				Normal Thyroid Physiology
					Thyroid Hormone
					Calcitonin
				Thyroid Physiology in Pregnancy
				Thyroid Physiology in Nonthyroidal Illness (Euthyroid Sick Syndrome)
		Thyroid Biomarkers
			Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
				Tetraiodothyronine and Triiodothyronine
				Thyroid Autoantibodies
				Thyroglobulin
				Calcitonin
		Thyroid Imaging
			Neck Ultrasound
				Nuclear Scintigraphy
				Cross-Sectional Imaging
				Positron Emission Tomography
		Hypothyroidism
			Autoimmune Thyroiditis
				Subacute Thyroiditis
				Riedel Thyroiditis
				Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis
				Iatrogenic Hypothyroidism
		Hyperthyroidism
			Graves Disease
				Toxic Multinodular Goiter
				Solitary Toxic Adenoma
				Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis
		Nontoxic Goiter
			Endemic (Diffuse) Goiter
				Nontoxic Multinodular Goiter
				Substernal Goiter
				Workup
				Management
		THYROID NODULE
			Clinical Presentation and Workup
				Ultrasound Evaluation of Thyroid Nodules
				Sonographic Risk Stratification of Thyroid Nodules
				FNA Cytology
				Molecular Testing of FNA Specimens
		Thyroid Cancer
			Incidence
				Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
					A New Entity: Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm With Papillary-Like Nuclear Features
					Thyroid Follicular Cell Neoplasia and Oncogenesis
					Risk Factors
					Clinical Presentation
					Imaging Workup
					Staging
					Surgical Management
					Active Nonoperative Surveillance of PTC
					Postoperative Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Suppression
					Radioactive Iodine
					Adjuvant Therapies
				Medullary Thyroid Cancer
					Clinical Presentation
					RET and MTC
					Workup
					Surgical Treatment
					Postoperative Surveillance and Adjuvant Therapies
					Staging and Prognosis
				Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
					Systemic Therapies for Advanced Thyroid Cancers
		Thyroidectomy
			Indications and Nomenclature
				Thyroidectomy Outcomes
				Preoperative Preparation
					Assessment of Voice and Laryngeal Function
				Technique
					Anesthesia and Positioning
					Incision and Initial Exposure of the Thyroid
					Dissection and Release of the Superior Pole
					Mobilization of Inferior Pole and Medial Rotation of the Thyroid Lobe
					Identification of the RLN and Completion of Lobectomy
					Closure
				Postoperative Care and Complications
					Complications
				Adjunctive Technologies During Thyroidectomy
					Energy Sealing Devices and Hemostatic Agents
					Intraoperative Neuromonitoring
					Fluorescent Imaging Aids for Parathyroid Identification
				Alternative Approaches to Thyroidectomy
		Selected References
		References
	38 - The Parathyroid Glands
		History of the Parathyroid Glands
		Embryology of the Parathyroid Glands
		Histology of the Parathyroid Glands
		Parathyroid Physiology
		Primary Hyperparathyroidism
			Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Risk Factors
				Clinical Manifestations
				Diagnosis and Evaluation
				Management
					Indications for Parathyroidectomy
					Parathyroid Localization
					Surgical Options and Intraoperative Adjuncts
					Postoperative Management
					Medical Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
					Outcomes After Surgery
		Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
			Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
				Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
				Calciphylaxis
		Parathyroid Cancer
		Familial Primary Hyperparathyroidism
		Selected References
		References
	39 - Endocrine Pancreas
		Embryology of the Endocrine Pancreas
		Histomorphology of Islets
		Endocrine Physiology
			Glucose Homeostasis: Insulin and Glucagon
				Insulin
					Glucagon
					Other Influences on Glucose Homeostasis
				Somatostatin
				Pancreatic Polypeptide
				Other Peptide Hormones
		Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
			Overview and History
				Histopathology and Staging
					Molecular Genetics of PNETs
				General Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment of PNETs
					Diagnosis and Evaluation
					Screening for Functional Tumors
					Localization
					Treatment of Nonmetastatic, Symptomatic PNETs Localized Preoperatively
					Incidentally Found, Small, Nonfunctional PNETs
					Nonmetastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors—Unlocalized Preoperatively
				Metastatic Disease
					Liver Surgery for Metastatic Disease
					Liver-Directed Therapy for Metastatic Disease
					Cytotoxic and Targeted Systemic Therapy
					Liver Transplantation for Metastatic PNETs
				Diagnosis and Treatment of Specific Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
					Insulin-Secreting Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Insulinoma)
					Gastrin-Secreting Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor (Gastrinoma)
					Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide–Secreting Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
					Glucagon-Secreting Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor (Glucagonoma)
					Somatostatin-Secreting PNET (Somatostatin)
					Other Functional Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
				Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1–Associated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
					Postgastric Bypass Noninsulinoma Pancreatogenous Hypoglycemia Syndrome
				Endocrine Insufficiency After Surgical Resection
		Surgical Treatment of Diabetes
			Autologous Islet Cell Transplantation
				Pancreatic Transplantation and Islet Allotransplantation
		Selected References
		References
	40 - The Adrenal Glands
		History
		Anatomy and Embryology
			General and Developmental Aspects
				Relationships
				Vasculature
		Normal Histopathology
		Biochemistry and Physiology
			Adrenal Steroid Biosynthesis
				Steroid Hormone Physiology and Metabolism
					Glucocorticoids
					Mineralocorticoids
					Adrenal Sex Steroids
				Catecholamine Biosynthesis and Physiology
				Catecholamine Clearance
		Adrenal Insufficiency
			Types of Adrenal Insufficiency
				Primary Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease)
					Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency
					Adrenal Insufficiency in the Critically Ill
					Adrenal Crisis
				Diagnosis and Treatment
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Perioperative Steroid Administration
		Diseases of the Adrenal Cortex
			Primary Hyperaldosteronism
				Epidemiology and Clinical Features
					Surgical Management and Outcomes
				Cushing Syndrome
					Epidemiology and Clinical Features
					Biochemical Diagnosis and Localization
					Surgical Management and Outcomes
					Special Case: Subclinical Cushing Syndrome
				Sex Steroid Excess
				Adrenocortical Carcinoma
		Diseases of the Adrenal Medulla
			Pheochromocytoma
				Epidemiology and Clinical Features
					Special Case: Pheochromocytoma in Pregnancy
					Biochemical Diagnosis and Localization
					Perioperative Care
					Surgical Management and Outcomes
					Molecular Genetics of Pheochromocytoma
					Malignant Pheochromocytoma
		Other Adrenal Diseases
			Incidentally Discovered Adrenal Mass (Incidentaloma)
				Epidemiology and Differential Diagnosis
					Clinical Evaluation and Surgical Management
				Metastases to the Adrenal Gland
					Epidemiology and Clinical Features
					Clinical Evaluation and Surgical Management
		Technical Aspects of Adrenalectomy
			Choice of Operative Approach
				Laparoscopic Lateral Transabdominal Adrenalectomy
					Patient Preparation and Positioning
				Posterior Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy
				Complications and Postoperative Care
				Open Anterior Transabdominal Adrenalectomy
					Patient Preparation and Positioning
					Complications and Postoperative Care
		Selected References
		References
	41 - The Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
		MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1
			Incidence and Epidemiology
			Genetics
			Clinical Features and Management
			Parathyroid Glands
			Enteropancreatic NETs
			Pituitary Gland
			Other Tumors
		MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2
			RET Proto-oncogene
				Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2A and Familial Medullary Thyroid Cancer
				Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B
				Genetic Testing for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
				Medullary Thyroid Cancer
					Surgery for Medullary Thyroid Cancer
					Recurrent and Metastatic Disease
				Pheochromocytoma
				Primary Hyperparathyroidism
		CONCLUSION
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
IX - Esophagus
	42 - Esophagus
		ANATOMY
			Esophageal Inlet
			Esophageal Layers
			Anatomic Narrowing
			Gastroesophageal Junction
			Vasculature
			Lymphatics
			Innervation
		PHYSIOLOGY
			Swallowing
				Reflux Mechanism
		DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY DISORDERS
			Diagnosis
				Motility Disorders of the Esophageal Body
					Diffuse Esophageal Spasm
					Nutcracker Esophagus
				Motility Disorders of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter
					Hypertensive Lower Esophageal Sphincter
				Motility Disorders Affecting Both Body and Lower Esophageal Sphincter
					Achalasia
					Ineffective Esophageal Motility
		DIVERTICULAR DISORDERS
			Pharyngoesophageal (Zenker) Diverticulum
				Midesophageal Diverticula
				Epiphrenic Diverticula
		GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
			Medical Management
				Workup
				Surgical Therapy
					Complicated GERD
		ACQUIRED BENIGN DISORDERS OF THE ESOPHAGUS
			Acquired Esophageal Disease
				Perforation
					Caustic Ingestion
					Foreign Body Ingestion, Benign Tracheoesophageal Fistula, and Schatzki Ring
		BENIGN AND RARE TUMORS OF THE ESOPHAGUS
			Benign Tumors of the Esophagus
				Rare Malignant Tumors of the Esophagus
		ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
			Epidemiology of Esophageal Cancer
				Diagnosis and Staging of Esophageal Cancer
				Approach to Early-Stage Esophageal Cancer
				High-Grade Dysplasia and Superficial Cancers
				Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer
					Principles of Multimodality Therapy for Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer
				The Role of Surgery in Trimodality Therapy and Salvage Surgery
				Surveillance
				Palliative Options for Esophageal Cancer
		SUMMARY
		ANNOTATED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	43 - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Hiatal Hernia
		GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
			Pathophysiology
		Clinical Presentation
			Typica Symptoms of GERD
				Extraesophageal Symptoms of GERD
					Pulmonary Disease, GERD, and Antireflux Surgery
					Physical Examination
				Preoperative Diagnostic Testing
					Ambulatory pH and Impedance Monitoring
					Esophageal Manometry
					Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
					Barium Esophagram
				Additional Preoperative Considerations
					Dysphagia
					Obesity
					Ineffective Esophageal Motility
					Barrett Esophagus
				Treatment of GERD
					Medical Management
					Surgical Management
					Operative Technique
					Creation of a 360-Degree Fundoplication
					Creation of a Partial Fundoplication
					Intraoperative Management of Short Esophagus
					Postoperative Care and Recovery
					Clinical Outcomes of Antireflux Surgery
					Operative Complications and Side Effects of Antireflux Surgery
				Alternative Operative Therapies for GERD
					Transoral Incisionless Fundoplication
					Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation
		PARAESOPHAGEAL HERNIA
			Pathophysiology
				Clinical Presentation
				Preoperative Evaluation
				Operative Repair
				Acute Gastric Volvulus
		SUMMARY
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
		VIDEOS
X - Abdomen
	44 - Abdominal Wall, Umbilicus, Peritoneum, Mesenteries, Omentum and Retroperitoneum
		ABDOMINAL WALL AND UMBILICUS
			Embryology
			Anatomy
				Subcutaneous Tissues
				Muscle and Investing Fasciae
		Preperitoneal Space and Peritoneum
			Vessels and Nerves of the Abdominal Wall
				Vascular Supply
					Innervation
				Abnormalities of the Abdominal Wall
					Congenital Abnormalities
				Malignant Neoplasms of the Abdominal Wall
					Desmoid Tumor
					Abdominal Wall Sarcoma
					Metastatic Disease
				Symptoms of Intraabdominal Disease Referred to the Abdominal Wall
		PERITONEUM AND PERITONEAL CAVITY
			Anatomy
				Physiology
				Peritoneal Disorders
					Ascites
					Malignant Neoplasms of the Peritoneum
		MESENTERY AND OMENTUM
			Embryology and Anatomy
				Physiology
				Diseases of the Omentum
					Omental Cysts
					Omental Torsion and Infarction
					Omental Neoplasms
					Omental Grafts and Transpositions
				Diseases of the Mesentery
					Mesenteric Cysts
					Acute Mesenteric Lymphadenitis
					Sclerosing Mesenteritis
				Intraabdominal (Internal) Hernias
					Internal Hernias Caused by Developmental Defects
					Acquired Internal Hernias
				Malignant Neoplasms of the Mesentery
					Mesenteric and Intraabdominal Desmoid Tumors
		RETROPERITONEUM
			Anatomy
				Operative Approaches
				Retroperitoneal Disorders
					Retroperitoneal Abscesses
					Retroperitoneal Hematomas
					Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
					Retroperitoneal Malignant Neoplasms
					Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	45 - Hernias
		INGUINAL HERNIAS
			Incidence
			Anatomy of the Groin
				External Oblique Muscle and Aponeurosis
				Internal Oblique Muscle and Aponeurosis
				Transversus Abdominis Muscle and Aponeurosis and Transversalis Fascia
				Pectineal (Cooper) Ligament
				Inguinal Canal
				Preperitoneal Space
				Femoral Canal
			Diagnosis
			Classification
			Treatment
				Nonoperative Management
			Complications and Results of Inguinal Hernia Repair
		FEMORAL HERNIAS
		SPECIAL PROBLEMS
			Sliding Inguinal Hernia
				Recurrent Inguinal Hernia
				Strangulated Inguinal Hernia
				Bilateral Inguinal Hernias
		COMPLICATIONS AND RESULTS
			Surgical Site Infection
				Nerve Injuries and Chronic Pain Syndromes
					Ischemic Orchitis and Testicular Atrophy
					Injury to the Vas Deferens and Viscera
					Inguinal Hernia Recurrence
				Quality of Life
		VENTRAL HERNIAS
			Incidence
				Anatomy
				Diagnosis
				Classification
					Umbilical Hernia
					Epigastric Hernia
					Incisional Hernia
				Treatment: Operative Repair
				Results of Incisional Hernia Repairs
		UNUSUAL HERNIAS
			Types
				Spigelian Hernia
					Obturator Hernia
					Lumbar Hernia
					Interparietal Hernia
					Sciatic Hernia
					Perineal Hernia
					Loss of Domain Hernias
				Parastomal Hernia Repair
				Complications
					General Considerations
					Mesh Infection
					Seromas
					Enterotomy
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	46 - Acute Abdomen
		ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
		HISTORY
		PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
		LABORATORY STUDIES
		DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
		INTRAABDOMINAL PRESSURE MONITORING
		DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
		PREPARATION FOR EMERGENCY OPERATION
		SPECIAL PATIENT POPULATIONS
			Pregnancy
				Pediatrics
				Critical Illness
				Immunocompromised
				Cardiac Patients
				Morbidly Obese
				Elderly
				Advanced Disease
		SUMMARY
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	47 - Acute Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
		ACUTE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE
			Initial Evaluation
				Acute Exsanguination
				Localization
				Obscure Bleeding
		SPECIFIC CAUSES OF UGIB
			Nonvariceal Bleeding
				Peptic Ulcer Disease
					Esophagitis
					Gastritis
					Mallory-Weiss Tears
					Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia
					Dieulafoy Lesion
					Hemobilia
					Malignancy
					Inflammatory Bowel Disease
					Aortoenteric Fistula
					Hemosuccus Pancreaticus
					Procedure-Related Bleeding
				Variceal Hemorrhage
		ACUTE LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE
			Diagnosis
				Colonoscopy
					Angiography
				Surgical Management
				Specific Causes of Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding
					Diverticula
					Colitis
					Angiodysplasia/Arteriovenous Malformation
					Neoplasms
					Ischemia
					Infectious
					Diverticula
					Radiation Therapy
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	48 - Morbid Obesity
		Obesity: The Magnitude of the Problem
		Medical Versus Surgical Therapy
		Bariatric Surgery Mechanism of Action
			The Enteroencephalic Endocrine Axis
				Enteroinsular Endocrine Axis
		Preoperative Evaluation and Selection
			Eligibility
				General Bariatric Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation
				Evaluation of Specific Comorbid Conditions
				Special Equipment
					Clinic
					Operating Room
		Operative Procedures
			Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding
				Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
				Biliopancreatic Diversion
				Duodenal Switch
				Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
		Postoperative Care and Follow-Up
			Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding
				Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass, Biliopancreatic Diversion, Duodenal Switch, and Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
		Bariatric Surgery Results
			Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding
				Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
					Recovery After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Is Improved After a Laparoscopic Approach
				Biliopancreatic Diversion and Duodenal Switch
					Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
		Complications of Bariatric Surgery
			Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding
				Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
				Biliopancreatic Diversion and Duodenal Switch
				Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
		Reoperative Surgery
			Preoperative Use of Endoscopy
				Intraoperative Endoscopy
				Postoperative Endoscopy
					Endoscopic Management of Complications After Bariatric Surgery
					Strictures After Bariatric Surgery
					Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery
				Primary Endoscopic Weight Loss Procedures
		Controversies in Bariatric Surgery
		Conclusion
		Selected References
		References
	49 - Stomach
		Anatomy
			Gross Anatomy
				Divisions
				Blood Supply
				Lymphatic Drainage
				Innervation
				Gastric Morphology
				Gastric Microscopic Anatomy
		Physiology
			Regulation of Gastric Function
			Gastric Peptides
				Gastrin
				Somatostatin
				Histamine
				Ghrelin
			Gastric Acid Secretion
				Stimulated Acid Secretion
				Activation and Secretion by the Parietal Cell
				Pharmacologic Regulation
			Gastric Motility
				Fasting Gastric Motility
				Postprandial Gastric Motility
				Abnormal Gastric Motility
				Gastric-Emptying Studies
				Treatment
			Gastric Barrier Function
		Peptic Ulcer Disease
			Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
					Helicobacter pylori Infection
					Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
				Gastric Ulcers
					Clinical Manifestations
					Diagnosis and Treatment
				Duodenal Ulcer
					Diagnosis
					Medical Treatment
					Complicated Ulcer Disease
					Surgical Procedures for Peptic Ulcers
		Stress Gastritis
			Pathophysiology
				Presentation and Diagnosis
				Prophylaxis
				Treatment
		Postgastrectomy Syndromes
			Dumping Syndrome
				Metabolic Disturbances
				Afferent Loop Syndrome
				Efferent Loop Obstruction
				Alkaline Reflux Gastritis
				Gastric Atony
		Gastric Cancer
			Epidemiology
				Risk Factors
					Helicobacter pylori Infection
					Dietary Factors
					Hereditary Risk Factors and Cancer Genetics
					Polyps
					Proton pump inhibitors
					Other Risk Factors
				Pathology
				Diagnosis and Workup
					Signs and Symptoms
					Screening
				Staging
					Staging Workup
				Treatment
					Surgical Therapy
					Endoscopic Resection
					Extent of Lymph Node Dissection
					Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer
					Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Therapy
					Palliative Therapy and Systemic Therapy
				Outcomes
					Recurrence
				Gastric Lymphoma
					Epidemiology
					Pathology
					Evaluation and Staging
					Treatment
				Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphomas
					Treatment
				Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
					Adjuvant Therapy
				Other Neoplasms
					Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors
					Heterotopic Pancreas
		Other Gastric Lesions
			Hypertrophic Gastritis (Ménétrier Disease)
				Mallory-Weiss Tear
					Dieulafoy Gastric Lesion
				Gastric Varices
				Gastric Volvulus
				Gastric Bezoars
		Selected References
		References
	50 - Small Intestine
		Embryology
		Anatomy
			Gross Anatomy
			Neurovascular-Lymphatic Supply
			Microscopic Anatomy
		Physiology
			Digestion and Absorption
				Carbohydrates
				Protein
				Water, Electrolytes, and Vitamins
		Motility
		Endocrine Function
			Gastrointestinal Hormones
			Receptors
		Immune Function
		Obstruction
			Causes
			Pathophysiology
			Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
				History
				Physical Examination
				Laboratory and Radiologic Studies
			Simple Versus Strangulating Obstruction
			Treatment
				Fluid Resuscitation and Antibiotics
				Tube Decompression
				Contrast Challenge
				Operative Management
			Management of Specific Problems
				Recurrent Intestinal Obstruction
				Acute Postoperative Obstruction
				Ileus
		Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases
			Crohn Disease
				History
					Incidence and Epidemiology
					Etiology
					Pathology
					Clinical Manifestations
					Diagnosis
					Prognosis
				Typhoid Enteritis
				Enteritis in the Immunocompromised Host
					Protozoa
					Bacteria
					Mycobacteria
					Viruses
					Fungi
		Neoplasms
			General Considerations
				Clinical Manifestations
					Diagnosis
				Benign Neoplasms
					Stromal Tumors
				Malignant Neoplasms
					Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
					Adenocarcinomas
					Lymphoma
					Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
				Metastatic Neoplasms
		Diverticular Disease
			Duodenal Diverticula
				Incidence and Cause
					Clinical Manifestations
					Treatment
				Jejunal and Ileal Diverticula
					Incidence and Cause
					Clinical Manifestations
					Treatment
				Meckel Diverticulum
					Incidence and Cause
					Clinical Manifestations
					Diagnostic Studies
					Treatment
		Miscellaneous Problems
			Small Bowel Ulcerations
				Ingested Foreign Bodies
				Small Bowel Fistulas
					Clinical Manifestations
				Pneumatosis Intestinalis
				Blind Loop Syndrome
				Radiation Enteritis
				Short Bowel Syndrome
					Treatment
				Vascular Compression of the Duodenum
		Selected References
		References
	51 - The Appendix
		Anatomy and Embryology
		Videos
		Appendicitis
			History
				Pathophysiology and Bacteriology
				Differential Diagnosis
				Presentation
					History
					Physical Examination
					Laboratory Studies
					Imaging Studies
		Treatment of Appendicitis
			Acute Uncomplicated Appendicitis
				Perforated Appendicitis
				Laparoscopic Versus Open Appendectomy
				Delayed Presentation of Appendicitis
				The Normal-Appearing Appendix at Operation
				“Chronic” Appendicitis as a Cause of Abdominal Pain
				Incidental Appendectomy
		Appendicitis in Special Populations
			Appendicitis in the Pregnant Patient
				Appendicitis in the Elderly
				Appendicitis in the Immunocompromised Patient
		Neoplasms of the Appendix
		Selected References
		References
	52 - Colon and Rectum
		EMBRYOLOGY OF THE COLON AND RECTUM
		ANATOMY OF THE COLON, RECTUM, AND PELVIC FLOOR
		PHYSIOLOGY OF THE COLON
		PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	53 - Anus
		Anatomy
		Physiology
			Diagnosis
				History
				Physical Examination
			Imaging
		Common Benign Disorders of the Anus
			Internal Hemorrhoids
				Anal Fissure
				Abscess/Fistula (Including Rectovaginal Fistula)
				Pilonidal Sinus
				Sexually Transmitted Diseases
				Hidradenitis Suppurativa
				Perianal Crohn Disease
				Anorectal Emergencies
					Fourth-Degree Hemorrhoids
					Fournier Gangrene
					Immunocompromised States
					Horseshoe Abscess
					Incarcerated Rectal Prolapse
				Pelvic Floor
		Neoplasms
			Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia
				Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Perianal Paget Disease
				Basal Cell Carcinoma
				Malignant Melanoma
				Adenocarcinoma of the Anal Canal
		Selected References
		References
	54 - The Liver
		Historical Perspective
		Anatomy and Physiology
			Anatomy
				Gross Anatomy
					Functional Anatomy
				Functions
					Energy
					Functional Heterogeneity
					Blood Flow
					Bile Formation
					Enterohepatic Circulation
					Bilirubin Metabolism
					Carbohydrate Metabolism
					Lipid Metabolism
					Protein Metabolism
					Vitamin Metabolism
					Coagulation
					Metabolism of Drugs and Toxins (Xenobiotics)
					Regeneration
				Future Developments
				Assessment of Liver Function
					Routine Screening Tests
					Specific Diagnostic Tests
					Quantitative Tests
		Portal Hypertension
			Definition
				Pathophysiology
				Assessment of Chronic Liver Disease and Portal Hypertension
				Variceal Hemorrhage
					Treatment
					Prevention of Recurrent Variceal Hemorrhage
					Algorithm for Management of Variceal Hemorrhage
		Infectious Diseases
			Pyogenic Abscess
				Epidemiology
					Pathogenesis
					Pathology and Microbiology
					Clinical Features
					Differential Diagnosis
					Treatment
					Outcomes
				Amebic Abscess
					Epidemiology
					Pathogenesis
					Pathology
					Clinical Features
					Differential Diagnosis
					Treatment
					Outcomes
				Hydatid Cyst
				Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis
		Neoplasms
			Solid Benign Neoplasms
				Liver Cell Adenoma
					Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
					Hemangioma
					Other Benign Tumors
				Primary Solid Malignant Neoplasms
					Hepatocellular Carcinoma
					Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
					Other Primary Malignant Neoplasms
				Metastatic Tumors
					Colorectal Metastases
					Neuroendocrine Metastases
					Noncolorectal, Nonneuroendocrine Metastases
				Cystic Neoplasms
					Simple Cyst
					Cystadenoma and Cystadenocarcinoma
					Polycystic Liver Disease
					Bile Duct Cysts
				Principles of Hepatic Resection
		Hemobilia
			Causes
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnostic Workup
				Treatment and Outcomes
				Bilhemia
		Viral Hepatitis and the Surgeon
			Definition
				Diagnosis
				Epidemiology and Transmission
				Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation
				Prevention
				Treatment
		Selected References
		References
	55 - Biliary System
		Anatomy and Physiology
			Vascular Anatomy
		Biliary Tree Pathophysiology
			Laboratory Tests
				Imaging Studies
					Plain Films
					Ultrasound
					Hepatic Iminodiacetic Acid Scan
					Computed Tomography
					Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography
					Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
					Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography
					Intraoperative Cholangiography
					Endoscopic Ultrasound
					Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography
				Bacteriology
		Benign Biliary Disease
			Calculous Biliary Disease
				Natural History
				Nonoperative Treatment of Cholelithiasis
				Chronic Cholecystitis
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Acute Calculous Cholecystitis
					Presentation
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Choledocholithiasis
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
				Gallstone Pancreatitis
				Gallstone Ileus
					Treatment
				Noncalculous Biliary Disease
					Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis
					Biliary Dyskinesia
					Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
					Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
					Biliary Strictures
					Biliary Cysts
					Polypoid Lesions of the Gallbladder
					Benign Biliary Masses
				Surgery for Calculous Biliary Disease
					Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
					Bailout Procedures
					Open Cholecystectomy
					Open CBD Exploration
					Laparoscopic CBD Exploration
				Postcholecystectomy Syndromes
					Bile Duct Injury
					Biliary Leak
					Lost Stones
					Postcholecystectomy Pain
					Retained Biliary Stones
					Acute Cholangitis
					Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis
		Malignant Biliary Disease
			Gallbladder Cancer
				Incidence
					Cause
					Pathology and Staging
					Clinical Presentation
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
					Adjuvant Therapy
					Survival
				Bile Duct Cancer
					Risk Factors
					Staging and Classification
					Clinical Presentation
					Diagnosis and Assessment of Resectability
					Outcomes
		Metastatic and Other Tumors
		Selected References
		References
	56 - Exocrine Pancreas
		ANATOMY
			Arterial Blood Supply
			Venous Drainage
		EMBRYOLOGY
			Annular Pancreas
			Ectopic Pancreas
			Pancreas Divisum
		PHYSIOLOGY
			Major Components of Pancreatic Juice
				Phases and Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion
		ACUTE PANCREATITIS
			Pathophysiology
				Risk Factors
					Biliary or Gallstone Pancreatitis
					Alcohol-Induced Injury
					Anatomic Obstruction
					Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography–Induced Pancreatitis
					Drug-Induced Pancreatitis
					Metabolic Factors
					Miscellaneous Conditions
				Clinical Manifestations
				Diagnosis
					Imaging Studies
				Assessment of Severity of Disease
				Treatment
				Complications
					Sterile and Infected Peripancreatic Fluid Collections
					Pancreatic Necrosis and Infected Necrosis
					Pancreatic Pseudocysts
					Pancreatic Ascites and Pancreaticopleural Fistulas
					Vascular Complications
					Pancreatocutaneous Fistula
		CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
			Risk Factors
				Alcohol Abuse
					Smoking
					Gene Mutations
				Types of Chronic Pancreatitis
					Autoimmune Pancreatitis
					Tropical Pancreatitis
					Idiopathic Pancreatitis
				Clinical Manifestations
				Diagnosis
					Imaging Studies
					Functional Tests
				Treatment
					Medical Treatment
					Pain Management
					Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency
					Endocrine Insufficiency
					Interventional Therapy: Endoscopic Treatment
					Surgical Treatment
		CYSTIC NEOPLASMS OF THE PANCREAS
			Types of Cystic Neoplasms
				Serous Cystic Neoplasm
					Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm
					Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm
					Management Strategies for Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm
				Treatment: Surgical Resection for Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm
		ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS
			Epidemiology
				Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors and Causes
					Hereditary Risk Factors
				Pathogenesis of Sporadic Pancreatic Cancer
					Genetic Progression of Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia to Invasive Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnosis
					Laboratory Evaluation
					Imaging Studies
				Staging
					Laparoscopy
				Treatment
					Surgery for Tumors of the Head of the Pancreas
					Surgery for Tumors of the Body and Tail of the Pancreas
					Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy
				Outcomes
					Perioperative Mortality: Long-Term Survival
					Morbidity
				Controversies
					Palliative Bypass in the Case of Unresectable/Metastatic Disease
					Pylorus-Preserving versus Non–Pylorus-Preserving Whipple Procedure
					Pancreaticojejunostomy Versus Pancreatogastrostomy
					Use of Somatostatin Analogues to Reduce Pancreatic Fistula
					Extent of Lymphadenectomy
					Laparoscopic and Robotic Pancreaticoduodenectomy
					Antecolic versus Retrocolic Duodenojejunostomy
					Drain Versus No Drain
					Irreversible Electroporation
				Adjuvant Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer
					Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy
					Role of Neoadjuvant Therapy
					Chemotherapy for Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
				Palliative Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer
					Biliary Obstruction
					Gastric Outlet Obstruction
					Pain Relief
		PANCREATIC TRAUMA
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	57 - The Spleen
		SPLENIC ANATOMY
		SPLENIC FUNCTION
		SPLENECTOMY
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
XI - Chest
	58 - Lung, Chest Wall, Pleura and Mediastinum
		ANATOMY
			Physiologic Evaluation
		LUNG
			Congenital Lesions of the Lung
				Congenital Abnormalities of the Trachea and Bronchi
				Congenital Vascular Disorders
		LUNG CANCER
			Pathology
				Screening
				Diagnosis
				Staging
					Evaluation of Tumor (T) Stage
					Evaluation of Nodal (N) Stage
					Evaluation of Metastasis (M) Stage
					Current Lung Cancer Eighth Edition Staging System
					Tumor (T)
					Lymph Nodes (N)
					Metastases (M)
				Results of Treatment for Lung Cancer
				Local Therapy for Early-Stage Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
				Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapy
				Treatment of Metastatic Disease
		TRACHEA
			Benign Stenosis of the Trachea
				Primary Neoplasm of the Trachea
				Tracheal Trauma
				Principles of Tracheal Surgery
		PULMONARY INFECTIONS
			Bronchiectasis
				Lung Abscess
				Other Bronchopulmonary Disorders
				Mycobacterial Infections
				Fungal and Parasitic Infections
		MASSIVE HEMOPTYSIS
		EMPHYSEMA AND DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASE
			Emphysema
				Diffuse Lung Disease
				Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
		PULMONARY METASTASES
		MISCELLANEOUS LUNG TUMORS
		CHEST WALL
			Congenital Deformities
				Pectus Excavatum
					Pectus Carinatum
				Chest Wall Tumors
					General
					Bone Tumors
					Soft Tissue Tumors
					Metastatic Tumors
				Chest Wall Infections
				Chest Wall Trauma
		THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
			Diagnosis
				Management
		PLEURA
			Pleural Effusions
				Benign Pleural Effusions
					Malignant Pleural Effusion
				Empyema
				Chylothorax
				Pneumothorax
				Mesothelioma
				Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Pleura
		MEDIASTINUM
			Anterosuperior Compartment
				Middle Compartment
				Posterior or Paravertebral Sulci Compartment
				Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
				Evaluation and Diagnostic Imaging
				Histologic Diagnosis
		PRIMARY MEDIASTINAL CYSTS
		PRIMARY MEDIASTINAL NEOPLASMS
			Thymoma
				Germ Cell Tumors
				Teratomas
				Malignant Nonteratomatous Germ Cell Tumors
				Seminomas
				Nonseminomatous Tumors
				Neurogenic Tumors
				Neuroblastoma
				Ganglion Tumors
				Paraganglioma (Pheochromocytoma)
				Lymphomas
				Endocrine Tumors
					Thyroid Tumors
					Parathyroid Tumors
					Neuroendocrine Tumors
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	59 - Congenital Heart Disease
		HISTORY AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
		ANATOMY, TERMINOLOGY, AND DIAGNOSIS
			Anatomy and Terminology
				Diagnosis
					Physical Examination
		PERIOPERATIVE CARE
			Anesthesia Pitfalls
				Neurologic Outcomes
		LESION OVERVIEW
			Defects Associated With Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow
				Persistent Arterial Duct (Patent Ductus Arteriosus)
					Aortopulmonary Septal Defect (Aortopulmonary Window)
					Atrial Septal Defect
				Ventricular Septal Defect
					Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect
					Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect
					Subarterial (Supracristal or Outlet) Ventricular Septal Defect
				Atrioventricular Septal Defect (Atrioventricular Canal Defect)
					Adult Patients With Atrioventricular Septal Defect
				Persistent Arterial Trunk (Truncus Arteriosus)
				Abnormalities of Venous Drainage
					Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
					Anomalous Systemic Venous Drainage
				Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
					Tetralogy of Fallot
					Pulmonary Atresia and Intact Ventricular Septum
					Pulmonary Atresia With Ventricular Septal Defect
					Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis
				Conotruncal Anomalies
					Transposition of the Great Arteries
					Double-Outlet Right Ventricle
					Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries (l-Transposition)
				Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
					Valvular Aortic Stenosis
					Fibromuscular Subaortic Stenosis
					Tunnel Subaortic Stenosis
				Aortic Arch Anomalies
					Aortic Coarctation
					Interrupted Aortic Arch
		SINGLE VENTRICLE
			Tricuspid Atresia
				Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
					Neonatal Cardiac Transplantation
					Norwood Reconstruction
					Sano Modification of the Norwood Operation
					Hybrid Procedure
					Fontan Operation
		MISCELLANEOUS ANOMALIES
			Vascular Rings and Pulmonary Artery Slings
				Vascular Rings
					Pulmonary Artery Slings
					Diagnosis and Indications for Intervention
					Surgery
				Coronary Artery Anomalies
					Anomalous Left Coronary Artery Rising From the Pulmonary Artery
					Coronary Arteriovenous Fistula and Aneurysms
				Ebstein Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve
					Diagnosis and Intervention
					Surgery
				Mitral Valve Anomalies
					Mitral Stenosis
		SUMMARY
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	60 - Acquired Heart Disease: Coronary Insufficiency
		CORONARY ARTERY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
			Anatomic Considerations
		ATHEROSCLEROTIC CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
			Pathogenesis
				Fixed Coronary Obstructions
		CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
			Clinical Presentation
				Physical Examination
				Diagnostic Testing
					Biochemical Studies
					Chest Radiography
					Resting Electrocardiography
					Functional (Stress) Tests
					Echocardiography
					Multidetector Computed Tomography
					Magnetic Resonance Imaging
				Cardiac Catheterization and Intervention
					Fractional Flow Reserve
					Intravascular Ultrasonography
					Hybrid Imaging
				Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Versus Contemporaneous Medical Therapy
				Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Medical Therapy
				Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Versus Balloon Angioplasty or Bare-Metal Stents
				Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Versus Drug-Eluting Stents
				Left Main Coronary Artery Disease
					CABG or PCI Versus Medical Therapy for Left Main CAD
					Studies Comparing PCI Versus CABG for Left Main CAD
					Revascularization Options for LCA CAD
				Proximal LAD Artery Disease
				Completeness of Revascularization
				Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
				Revascularization Options for Previous CABG
				Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
				ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction–Acute Myocardial Infarction
					Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Medical Management for Acute Myocardial Infarction
					Role of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
				Preoperative Evaluation
				Technique of Myocardial Revascularization: Conventional On-Pump Cardiopulmonary Bypass
					Positioning and Draping
					Cardiopulmonary Bypass
					Neurologic Protection During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
					Median Sternotomy
					Total Arterial Revascularization
					Cannulation for Cardiopulmonary Bypass
					Cardiac Arrest and Myocardial Protection
					Target Identification and Distal Anastomosis
					Separation from Cardiopulmonary Bypass
					Hemostasis
					Sternal Closure and Completion of Surgery
		ADJUNCTS TO CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING
			Transesophageal Echocardiography
				Inotropes and Pharmacotherapy
				Intraaortic Balloon Pump
		POSTOPERATIVE CARE
			Pulmonary Care
				Discharge From the Intensive Care Unit
				Outcomes
					Hospital Mortality
					Long-Term Survival
				Medical Adjuncts for Postoperative Management
		ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION
			On-Pump Beating-Heart Bypass
				Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
				Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass
				Robotics: Totally Endoscopic Coronary Artery Bypass
				Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization
				Hybrid Procedures
				Technical Aspects of Reoperative Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
		MECHANICAL COMPLICATIONS OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
			Left Ventricular Aneurysm
				Ventricular Septal Defect
				Mitral Regurgitation
		CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING AND SPECIAL POPULATIONS OF PATIENTS
			Patients With Diabetes
				Older Patients
				Women
				Patients With Renal Disease
				Obese Patients
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	61 - Acquired Heart Disease: Valvular
		HISTORY OF HEART VALVE SURGERY
		VALVE ANATOMY
			Surgical Anatomic Relationships
				Mitral Stenosis
					Rheumatic Heart Disease
				Aortic Stenosis
				Mitral Regurgitation
				Aortic Insufficiency
				Endocarditis
				Right-Sided Valvular Disease
		PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
		VALVE DISEASE SYNDROMES
			Mitral Stenosis
				Interventional Management
					Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Commissurotomy
					Open Mitral Commissurotomy
					Mitral Valve Replacement
				Mitral Regurgitation
					Diagnostic Testing
					Natural History
		AORTIC STENOSIS
			Diagnosis of Aortic Stenosis
				Symptoms and Signs
					Physical Exam
					Diagnostic Testing
					Natural History
					Surgical treatment
				Aortic Insufficiency
				Diagnostic Testing
					Natural History
				Surgical Treatment
				Tricuspid Regurgitation and Other Right-Sided Valve Disease
					Natural History
				Mixed Valve Disease
		OPERATIVE APPROACHES
			Conduct of Heart Valve Surgery
				Mitral Valve Replacement and Repair
					Mitral Valve Replacement
					Mitral Valve Repair
				Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement and Aortic Valve Repair
				Prosthetic valves
				Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement and Other Emerging Technologies
				Percutaneous Mitral Interventions
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
XII - Vascular
	62 - The Aorta
		EMBRYOLOGY, ANATOMY, AND NOMENCLATURE
		PATHOLOGY, MANAGEMENT, AND OUTCOMES
			Acute Aortic Syndromes
				Aortic Dissection, Intramural Hematoma, and Penetrating Aortic Ulcers
					Aortic Dissection
					Intramural Hematoma
					Penetrating Aortic Ulcer
				Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury
				Acute Type A Aortic Dissection
				Aortic Root Replacement
				Open Surgery of the Descending Thoracic Aorta
				Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms
				Open Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
				Endovascular Principles
					Endovascular Approaches to the Thoracic Aorta
		REFERENCES
	63 - Peripheral Arterial Disease
		EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DEMOGRAPHICS
		PATIENT PRESENTATIONS AND NATURAL HISTORY
		PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY
		EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH PERIPHERALARTERY DISEASE
		MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
		ASSESSMENT OF OUTCOMES
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	64 - Vascular Trauma
		Mechanism of Injury and Pathophysiology
		Clinical Presentation
		Diagnosis
		Endovascular Management
			Endovascular Operating Rooms
				Endovascular Management of Torso Vascular Injuries
				Endovascular Management of Cerebrovascular Vascular Injuries
				Endovascular Management of Extremity Vascular Injuries
				Who Should Perform Endovascular Repairs
		Open Surgical Management
			Preparation for Operative Management
				Vascular Exposure and Control
				Vascular Damage Control
				Choice of Repair and Graft Material
				Intraoperative Imaging and Noninvasive Evaluation
				Role of Tissue Coverage
				Role of Fasciotomy
				Role of Immediate Amputation
				Common Errors and Pitfalls
		Specific Injuries
			Head, Neck, and Thoracic Outlet
				Intrathoracic Great Vessels
				Abdominal Vascular Injury
				Upper Extremity
				Lower Extremity
				Operative Techniques for Extremity Fasciotomy
		Postoperative Management
		Outcomes and Follow-Up
			General Surgery Training
				Vascular Fellowship Training
				Vascular Trauma Realities
				Need for Remedial Training and Review
				The Need for Action
		Selected References
		References
	65 - Venous Disease
		Videos
		Anatomy
			Superficial Venous System
		Deep Venous System
			Venous System Perforators
				Normal Venous Histology and Function
		Venous Insufficiency
			Risk Factors
				Pathology
					Mechanical Abnormalities
				Symptoms
				Physical Examination
				Diagnostic Evaluation of Venous Dysfunction
					Phlebography and Venography
				Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography Venous Imaging
				Classification Systems
				Treatment of Superficial Venous Insufficiency
					Nonoperative Management
					Treatment Options for Telangiectasias
					Ultrasound-Guided Sclerotherapy
					Nontumescent Ablation and Future Modalities for Axial Vein Incompetence
					Treatment of Branch Varicosities
				Secondary Venous Insufficiency
		Deep Venous Thrombosis
			Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis
				Causes
					Stasis
					Hypercoagulable State
					Venous Injury
				Diagnostic Considerations
					Incidence
					Clinical Diagnosis
				Imaging Studies and Laboratory Tests
					Venography
					Impedance Plethysmography
					Fibrin and Fibrinogen Assays
					Duplex Ultrasound
					Magnetic Resonance Venous Imaging
				Prophylaxis
					Treatment
				Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis
					Treatment
		Superficial Thrombophlebitis
		Conclusion
		Selected References
		References
		Videos
	66 - The Lymhatics
		EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY
		FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE
		PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND STAGING
		DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
		CLASSIFICATION
		DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
			New Diagnostic Tests
		THERAPY
			General Therapeutic Measures
			Elevation and Compression Garments
			Complex Decongestive Physical Therapy
			Compression Pump Therapy
			Drug Therapy
			Molecular Lymphangiogenesis
			Operative Treatment
		CHYLOTHORAX
		CHYLOPERITONEUM
		TUMORS OF THE LYMPHATICS
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
XIII - Specialties in General Surgery
	67 - Pediatric Surgery
		NEONATAL PHYSIOLOGY
			Cardiopulmonary
		FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES, AND NUTRITION
			Fluid and Electrolytes
				Nutrition
		HEAD AND NECK LESIONS
			Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts
				Lymphadenopathy
				Cystic Hygroma
				Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
				Branchial Cleft Remnants
		EXTRACORPOREAL LIFE SUPPORT
			Indications
				Physiology
		DIAPHRAGMATIC CONDITIONS
			Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Presentation
				Management
				Surgical Repair
				Eventration of Diaphragm
		BRONCHOPULMONARY MALFORMATIONS
			Bronchogenic Cyst
				Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation
				Pulmonary Sequestration
				Congenital Lobar Emphysema
		ALIMENTARY TRACT CONDITIONS
			Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
				Gastroesophageal Reflux
				Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
				Intestinal Atresia
				Intestinal Malrotation and Midgut Volvulus
				Necrotizing Enterocolitis
				Short Bowel Syndrome
				Meconium Ileus
				Meconium Plug Syndrome
				Hirschsprung Disease
				Anorectal Malformation
				Intussusception
				Meckel Diverticulum
				Appendicitis
		HEPATOPANCREATICOBILIARY CONDITIONS
			Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia
				Choledochal Cyst
				Hereditary Pancreatitis and Pancreas Divisum
				Biliary Dyskinesia
		ABDOMINAL WALL CONDITIONS
		CHEST WALL DEFORMITIES
		GENITOURINARY TRACT CONDITIONS
			Cryptorchidism
				Testicular Torsion
				Testicular Tumors
		PEDIATRIC SOLID TUMORS
			Neuroblastoma
				Wilms Tumor
				Rhabdomyosarcoma
				Liver Tumors
				Teratoma
					Sacrococcygeal Teratomas
				Ovarian Tumor
					Germ Cell Tumors
					Sex Cord Tumors
					Epithelial Tumors
		PEDIATRIC TRAUMA
			Head and Spine Injuries
				Thoracic Trauma
				Abdominal Trauma
				Pancreatic Injury
				Renal Injury
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	68 - Neurosurgery
		Intracranial Dynamics
		Cerebrovascular Disorders
			Arteriovenous Malformations
				Cavernous Malformations
				Capillary Telangiectasia
				Developmental Venous Anomaly: Venous Angioma
				Traumatic Fistula
				Aneurysms
					Saccular Aneurysms
					Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
					Mycotic Aneurysms
				Moyamoya Disease
				Dural Arteriovenous Malformations
				Ischemic Strokes
		Central Nervous System Tumors
			Intracranial Tumors
				Clinical Presentation
				Imaging Studies
				Surgery
		Primary Brain Tumors
			Intraaxial Brain Tumors
				Oligodendroglioma
					Ependymoma
					Choroid Plexus Papilloma and Carcinoma
					Pediatric Brainstem Gliomas
				Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors
					Ganglioglioma and Gangliocytoma
					Central Neurocytoma
					Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor
					Paraganglioma
				Pineal Region Tumors
					Pineocytoma
					Pineoblastoma
					Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region
				Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
				Tumors of Cranial and Spinal Nerves
					Schwannoma
					Neurofibroma
				Tumors of the Meninges
					Meningiomas
					Hemangioblastoma
				Lymphomas and Hematopoietic Tumors
					Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
					Plasmacytoma
				Germ Cell Tumors
				Tumors of the Sellar Region
				Central Nervous System Metastasis
		Traumatic Brain Injury
			Epidemiology
				Pathophysiology
				Prehospital and Emergency Department Management
				Treatment
		Degenerative Disorders of The Spine
			Degenerative Disease of the Lumbar Spine
				Lumbar Radiculopathy
					Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
					Lumbar Instrumentation and Fusion
				Degenerative Diseases of the Cervical Spine
				Cervical Radiculopathy
				Cervical Myelopathy
					Diagnosis and Treatment
		Functional And Stereotactic Neurosurgery
			Stereotactic Surgery
				Brain Stimulation
				Implantable Pumps
				Destructive Lesions
				Epilepsy
				Trigeminal Neuralgia
		Hydrocephalus
			Hydrocephalus and Pregnancy
				Abdominal Surgery in Patients With Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts
		Pediatric Neurosurgery
		Central Nervous System Infections
			Intracranial Infections
				Cranial Epidural Abscess
					Subdural Empyema
					Meningitis
					Brain Abscess
					Ventriculitis
					Postoperative Infections
					Posttraumatic Meningitis
				Spinal Infections
					Vertebral Osteomyelitis
					Discitis
					Spinal Epidural Abscess
				Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
		Selected References
		References
	69 - Plastic Surgery
		Reconstructive Techniques
		Primary and Secondary Wound Closure
			Skin Grafts
				Tissue Expansion
				Alloplastic Materials
				Flaps
					Local Flaps
					Muscle and Musculocutaneous Flaps
					Fascia and Fasciocutaneous Flaps
					Perforator Flaps
				Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer
					Supermicrosurgery
		Pediatric Plastic Surgery
			Craniofacial Surgery
				Congenital Ear Deformities
					Craniofacial Microsomia
					Cleft Lip and Palate
				Vascular Anomalies
				Pediatric Neck Masses
				Melanocytic Nevi
		Plastic Surgery of the Head and Neck
			Maxillofacial Trauma
				Emergent Management
					Evaluation and Diagnosis
					Soft Tissue Injuries
					Craniofacial Fractures
				Scalp Reconstruction
				Facial Reconstruction
				Facial Transplantation
				Facial Aesthetic Surgery
					Brow Lift
				Blepharoplasty
				Rhinoplasty
					Facelift
					Hair Transplant
		Breast Surgery
			Reduction Mammoplasty
				Mastopexy
				Breast Augmentation
					Implant Selection
					Fat Grafting to the Breast
					Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
				Gynecomastia
		Abdominoplasty
			Body Contouring After Bariatric Surgery
				Liposuction
		Gender Affirmation Surgery
		Wound Management/Pressure Wounds
			Wounds
				Wound Healing
					Chronic Wounds
					Wound Assessment
				Diabetic Wound
				Peripheral Arterial Disease
				Venous Stasis and Ulcer
				Radiation Wound
				Infected Wound
				Pressure Injury
		Reconstruction of the Lower Extremity
			Soft Tissue Coverage of Traumatic Wounds
				Soft Tissue Reconstruction in the Groin and Thigh
				Soft Tissue Coverage of the Knee, Leg, and Foot
		Conclusion
		Selected References
		References
	70 - Hand Surgery
		BASIC ANATOMY
		EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSIS
		PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT
		TRAUMA
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		REFERENCES
	71 - Gynecologic Surgery
		External Reproductive Anatomy (Vulva)
		Internal Reproductive Anatomy (Vagina, Cervix, Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, Ovaries)
			Vagina
				Cervix
					Uterus
					Fallopian Tubes
					Ovaries
				Other Relevant Pelvic Anatomy
					Anatomic Spaces
					Vascular Structures
					Neurologic Structures
					Urinary Tract Structures
					Intestinal Tract Structures
				Common Vulvar and Vaginal Surgical Diseases
					Bartholin Gland Cyst or Abscess
					Vulva Intraepithelial Neoplasia
					Vulvar Cancer
					Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia
					Vaginal Cancer
					Pelvic Organ Prolapse
				Common Vulva and Vaginal Surgical Procedures
					Incision and Drainage of Bartholin Gland Cyst or Abscess
					Marsupialization of Bartholin Gland Cyst or Abscess
					Wide Local Excision/Laser of the Vulva
					Laser of the Vagina/Partial Vaginectomy
					Radical Vulvectomy With Sentinel Node Mapping and Biopsy or Inguinal Femoral Lymphadenectomy
				Common Cervical Surgical Diseases
					Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
					Cervical Cancer
				Common Cervical Surgical Techniques
					Conization/Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure
					Radical Hysterectomy/Radical Trachelectomy With Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
				Common Uterine Surgical Diseases
					Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
					Uterine Polyps
					Leiomyoma
					Adenomyosis
					Endometrial and Other Uterine Cancers
				Common Uterine Surgical Procedures
					Hysteroscopy, Dilation and Curettage, Endometrial Ablation
					Myomectomy
					Vaginal Myomectomy
					Hysteroscopic Myomectomy
					Laparoscopic and Open Myomectomy
					Hysterectomy
					Total Abdominal Hysterectomy
					Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy
					Vaginal Hysterectomy
					Supracervical Hysterectomy
					Elective Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy and Opportunistic Salpingectomy
					Postoperative Cystoscopy after Hysterectomy
					Sentinel Node Biopsy and Lymphadenectomy for Endometrial Cancer
				Common Fallopian Tube/Ovarian Surgical Diseases
					BRCA Mutation Carrier
					Desires Sterilization
					Ectopic Pregnancy
					Torsion
					Endometrioma
					Benign Ovarian Masses
					Malignant Ovarian Neoplasms
				Common Fallopian Tube/Ovarian Surgical Procedures
					Tubal Sterilization
					Salpingectomy/Salpingostomy for Ectopic Pregnancy
					Ovarian Detorsion
					Ovarian Cystectomy
					Salpingo-Oophorectomy
					Fallopian Tube/Ovarian Cancer Cytoreduction
		Summary
		Selected References
		References
	72 - Surgery in the Pregnant Patient
		PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES OF PREGNANCY
		SAFETY CONCERNS IN PREGNANCY
			Radiologic Concerns
				Medication Concerns
				Analgesics
					Over-the-Counter Medications
					Prescription Medications
				Antibiotics
					Aminoglycosides
					Tetracyclines
					Metronidazole
					Penicillins
					Cephalosporins
					Lincosamide (Clindamycin)
					Macrolides (Azithromycin)
					Sulfonamide Derivatives
					Fluoroquinolones
					Other Gram Positive Agents
					Summary of Antibiotic Use
				Antithrombotic Agents Thrombotic Agents
					Anticoagulants
				Antiplatelet Agents
					Aspirin
					Clopidogrel
				Thrombolytic Agents
				Sedatives
					Benzodiazepines
				Anesthesia Concerns
		PREVENTION OF PRETERM LABOR
		MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY IN PREGNANCY
		BREAST MASSES IN PREGNANCY
			Imaging and Biopsy During Pregnancy
				Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer
		SURGERY FOR DISEASES IN PREGNANCY
			Hepatobiliary Disease
				Cholelithiasis
				Endocrine Disease
					Adrenal Disease
					Thyroid Disease
				Small Bowel Disease
				Appendix, Colon, and Rectal Disease
				Vascular Disease
		TRAUMA IN PREGNANCY
		CONTROL OF MAJOR HEMORRHAGE
			Mechanical Hemorrhage Control
				Surgical Ligation
					Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta
					Intrauterine Balloon Tamponade
				Adjuncts for Major Hemorrhage
					Cell Salvage
					Damage Control Techniques
				Benign Disease
				Bariatric Surgery
				Ileal Pouch–Anal Anastomosis
				Malignant Disease
		SUMMARY
		SELECTED REFERENCES
		Anchor 380
		REFERENCES
	73 - Fetal Surgery
		The Birth of a New Surgical Specialty
		Maternal Considerations and Morbidity
		Fetal Surgery by System
			Neurologic System
				Myelomeningocele or Spina Bifida
					Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
				Neck/Chest
					Cervical Teratoma
					Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment Procedure
					Congenital Lung Lesions
					Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
				Cardiac
					Congenital Cardiac Lesions
					Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
				Abdomen
					Gastroschisis
				Genitourinary
					Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction
				In Utero Stem Cell Transplantation
				Fetal Tissue Engineering
				In Utero Gene Therapy
				Artificial Placenta
		Acknowledgements
		Selected References
		References
	74 - Urologic Surgery
		Urologic Anatomy for the General Surgeon
			Upper Abdomen and Retroperitoneum
				Adrenal
				Kidney
				Ureter
			Pelvis
				Bladder and Prostate
				Urethra, Male Genitalia, and Perineum
		Endoscopic Urologic Surgery
		Urologic Infectious Disease
			Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection
				Premenopausal Patients
					Postmenopausal Patients
				Complicated Urinary Tract Infection
				Urinary Tract Infection in Men
				Specific Complicated Genitourinary Infectious States
					Pyelonephritis
					Male Genital Organ Infection
					Fournier Gangrene
				Atypical Urinary Tract Infections
					Fungal Infection
					Tuberculosis
					Parasitic Infection
				Neurogenic Bladder
				Urinary Incontinence
				Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
					Basic Laboratory Assessment
					Treatment
				Male Sexual Dysfunction and Treatment
		Urolithiasis
			Background
				Acute Presentation and Management
				Elective Diagnostic Evaluation and Management
				Elective Surgical Management
		Urologic Trauma
			Renal Injuries
				Imaging
					Management: Operative Versus Nonoperative
					Surgical Exploration and Operative Approach
				Ureteral Injuries
					Imaging
					Management
					Surgical Exploration and Operative Approach
				Bladder Injuries
					Imaging
					Management: Operative Versus Nonoperative
					Surgical Exploration and Operative Approach
				Urethral Injuries
					Imaging
					Management
					Surgical Exploration and Operative Approach
				Genital Injuries
					Imaging
					Management
				Damage Control Techniques for Urologic Injuries
		Nontraumatic Urologic Emergencies
			Testicular Torsion
				Priapism
		Urologic Oncology
			Renal Cancer
				Staging
					Management
				Bladder Cancer
					Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
					Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
				Prostate Cancer
					Evaluation
					Treatment
				Testicular Cancer
					Treatment
		Selected References
		References
INDEX
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z
IBC




نظرات کاربران