Rural Latin America in Transition

Preface
	References
Acknowledgments
Praise for Rural Latin America  in Transition
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	Methodology and Approach
	Part I: Working in Latin America and the Paradoxes of Developmentalism (Chapter 2)
	Part II: Mexico from Revolution to a New Emerging Order (Chapters 3–6)
	Part III: Economics and Politics in Venezuela (Chapters 7–9)
	Conclusion: A Revitalization of the Peasantry and Its New Role in an Agroecological Revolution
	References
Part I Developmentalism
2 Working in Latin America: The Paradoxes of Developmentalism
	The Invention of Developmentalism
	Working in Latin America
	The Importance of Social and Cultural Context
	The Importance of Cultural Ecology and History
	Looking at the Inside: The Peasantry
	Latin America: Prerevolutionary Patterns and Revolutionary Forces of Change
	Modernization and Change
	The Alliance for Progress
	Economic Policies and the CEPAL Approach
	References
3 The Agroecological Revolution
	The Revival of the Peasantry
	Food, Peasants, and Agroecology in Latin America
	The New Agroecological Revolution in Latin America
	Food Crises in the Twenty-First Century
	Revival of Ancient Forgotten Foods?
	Traditional Peasant Agriculture: The Basis of a New Agroecological Approach
	Social and Economic Change: Transition from Traditional Subsistence Agriculture to Semicommercial and Commercial Farming
	Peasant Agriculture and Climate Change
	The Campesino a Campesino Movement
	The Return of the Peasants
	References
Part II Mexico
4 Southern Mexico: Revolution, Agrarian Reform, and Rural Development
	The Mexican Revolution
		Background to Change
		The Revolution Unfolding
		The Revolution and Development
	Agrarian Reform
	Reform and the Peasantry
	The Legacy of Revolution: The Emergence of a Modern Capitalist State
	Population Explosion
	Agricultural Decline and the Neoliberal “Solution”
	Agricultural Decline and the Ejido Sector
	References
5 Mexico in the New Emerging World Order
	The New Maize Doctrine and the Peasantry
	The Other Mexico: The Case of Chiapas
	Structures and Systems of Repression and Impoverishment
	Chiapas in 2010
	Oligarchic One-Party Rule
	References
6 Recent Developments in Mexico: Can Mexico Remake Itself?
	A New Populist of the Pueblos
	Rapid Urbanization
	Mexico Is a Complex Country Shaping Its Own Future
	Misallocation and Poor Productivity in Mexican Industries
	References
Part III Venezuela
7 Economic Backwardness in the Venezuelan Andes
	Introduction: The Dual Economy
	Andean Society and Economy
	Calderas-Altamira: Failure of the Institutional Framework
	Upper Cojedes Basin: Land-Tenure Anomalies and Agricultural Regression
	La Quebrada: “Minifundio Mentality” and Rural Stagnation
	References
8 The Situation in the Llanos
	The Maracaibo Lowlands: Migration as a Solution
	Agriculture in the Lowlands
	The Advantages of Living in the Tierra Caliente
		La Estrellita: The “Takeoff” into Economic Growth
	The Way Forward
		Theoretical Implications
		Policy Implications
	The Minifundio Mentality: A Form of the Culture of Poverty
		Capitalism: A Partially Effective Solution
		Social Change and Economic Development
		Economic Planning
	References
9 Venezuela Revisited: 1979 and 2010—Betancourt
	Urbanization Since the 1960s
	Political Development: The Role of Rómulo Betancourt1
	Agriculture and “Agrarian Reform” in the Llanos
	Later Political Developments
	The Evolution of the Petro-State and Its Consequences
	La Apertura
	References
10 The Economic Crisis and the Chávez Presidency
	Venezuelan Revolution and the Chávez Legacy
	Macroeconomic Management and Attempting a Transition to Socialism
	Charisma in Decline: Dictatorship and Intimidation
	Chávez: Death and Legacy
	Rapid Urbanization and the Decline of the Peasantry
	Two Remarkable Leaders
	References
11 Venezuela: Chaos and Decline
	The Ellner Thesis
	The López Maya Thesis
	The Political Context: The Emergence of Chavista Populism
	Socialism of the Twenty-First Century: The Emergence of the Communal State
	The Economic Model: Rentier Socialism
	The Socioeconomic Situation
	The Fight Against Corruption
	A Country Falling Apart
	US Sanctions Venezuela’s Vice President
	Venezuela Faces Opposition Activists and Student Prisoners
	A Plea for Peace and Reason
	References
12 Maduro Makes a Mockery of Democracy in Venezuela
	Opponents of Maduro Continue Protests: Growing Anger Among the Poor and Urban Ex-Peasants
	Venezuela “Air Attack”
	Maduro Government Jails Two Opposition Leaders
	Opposition Leader Released from Jail by Maduro
	Venezuelans Fleeing Their Country as It Collapses
	Is Venezuela About to Plunge into Civil War?
	Intervention of US Vice President Mike Pence
	The Economy: Cash Is Vanishing in Venezuela
	The Health Crisis: “Blood on the Black Market”
	Venezuelan Crisis Unfolding
	The Lima Group
	Sanctions Tighten on Maduro
	The Collapse of Venezuela
	Maduro’s Authoritarianism in Charge
	References
13 Epilogue
	A Reflection on Peasants of Chiapas, Mexico, in 2010
	The Insecure Situation of the Middle Peasantry
	Democracy and Development
	United Nations Censures Maduro and His Government for Crimes Against Humanity
	References
Glossary: Mexico and Venezuela
Index