Rural Electrification: Optimizing Economics, Planning and Policy in an Era of Climate Change and Energy Transition

Front-Matter_2021_Rural-Electrification
	Rural Electrification
Copyright_2021_Rural-Electrification
	Copyright
Dedication_2021_Rural-Electrification
	Dedication
List-of-figures_2021_Rural-Electrification
	List of figures
List-of-tables_2021_Rural-Electrification
	List of tables
List-of-boxes_2021_Rural-Electrification
	List of boxes
Foreword_2021_Rural-Electrification
	Foreword
Preface_2021_Rural-Electrification
	Preface
Acknowledgements_2021_Rural-Electrification
	Acknowledgements
Abbreviations_2021_Rural-Electrification
	Abbreviations
1---Energy-s-general-introduction-fossil-fuels--amp--r_2021_Rural-Electrific
	1. Energy's general introduction(fossil fuels & renewable energy)
		1.1 Brief main aspects of renewable energy
			1.1.1 Biomass
			1.1.2 Hydro
			1.1.3 Ocean thermals
			1.1.4 Geothermal
			1.1.5 Solar
			1.1.6 Wind turbine
		1.2 Hybrid systems
		1.3 Sustainability
		1.4 Oil consumption
			1.4.1 USA
			1.4.2 China
			1.4.3 India
		1.5 What are the impacts of global warming and climate change?
		1.6 Energy storage systems (The sixth dimension)
			1.6.1 ESS examples
		1.7 Type of sustainable energy needed
		References
2---Coal_2021_Rural-Electrification
	2. Coal
		2.1 Production of coal
			2.1.1 The formation of coal
			2.1.2 Production
			2.1.3 Exploration
			2.1.4 Geography
			2.1.5 Geopolitics
				2.1.5.1 Industry structure
		2.2 Fiscal systems
		2.3 The global coal market
			2.3.1 Supply and demand
			2.3.2 Global trade
			2.3.3 Characteristics of coal
			2.3.4 Coal value & prices
			2.3.5 Forecast for the coal market
			2.3.6 Is coal supporting rural electrification?
		2.4 The future of coal
		2.5 Transition to rural electricity – is this feasible?
		2.6 Conclusion
		References
		Further reading
3---Crude-oil_2021_Rural-Electrification
	3. Crude oil
		3.1 Exploration
		3.2 Production
		3.3 Geography
		3.4 Geopolitics – OPEC; the rise of US shale production
		3.5 Industry structure – IOCs, NOCs, GSEs
		3.6 Fiscal systems: R/T; PSAs/PSCs; service agreements
			3.6.1 The global market for oil
			3.6.2 Supply and demand fundamentals & drivers
			3.6.3 Characteristics of crude oil
			3.6.4 How crude oil obtains its value
			3.6.5 Crude oil quality – sweet/sour; heavy/light
			3.6.6 Importance of quality and correlation to the price obtained
			3.6.7 Benchmark crudes
			3.6.8 Trading centers – ICE, NYMEX, Singapore
			3.6.9 Price discovery
			3.6.10 Contango and backwardation
			3.6.11 Derivatives and futures
		3.7 Transportation
			3.7.1 Crude oil transportation (oil field gathering systems; pipeline; crude oil tankers)
			3.7.2 Petroleum product transportation (railcars, coastal tanker, road tankers)
			3.7.3 Intermediate storage & terminalling
			3.7.4 Economics & optimization
		3.8 Refining
			3.8.1 Basics of refining
			3.8.2 Petroleum products produced
			3.8.3 Refinery yields
			3.8.4 Challenges
			3.8.5 Process safety
			3.8.6 Refining economics
		3.9 End users
			3.9.1 Aviation
			3.9.2 Road transportation (hauliers, railways, shipping)
			3.9.3 Service station networks
			3.9.4 Heating oil (Domestic and industrial)
			3.9.5 Other users/uses (petroleum gases; lubricants; waxes; bitumen)
		References
		Further reading
4---Natural-gas_2021_Rural-Electrification
	4. Natural gas
		4.1 How gas is formed
		4.2 Geography
			4.2.1 Lack of historical interconnection between gas fields and consumers
			4.2.2 Challenges of storage and transportation versus oil
		4.3 The market for natural gas
			4.3.1 Market regionalization
			4.3.2 Integrated supply chain for natural gas using LNG trains
			4.3.3 Developing the LNG market in contrast with that for oil
		4.4 LNG Transportation for natural gas
		References
5---Project-management-in-oil-and-gas_2021_Rural-Electrification
	5. Project management in oil and gas
		5.1 Upstream E&P projects
		5.2 Megaprojects
		5.3 Best practices in project management
		5.4 Differences between project management & operations management
		5.5 Business case for projects fundamentals - payback, NPV
		5.6 Risk and uncertainty
		5.7 Network planning
		5.8 Contracting options – EPC, EPCM, BOOT, DB, Turnkey
		5.9 Fossil fuels future development
			5.9.1 Shale oil
			5.9.2 Unconventional crude oils
			5.9.3 Biofuels/fossil fuels mix
			5.9.4 Synthetic production
			5.9.5 Gas-to-liquid production
			5.9.6 OPEC's waning power?
			5.9.7 Sustainable development
			5.9.8 Meeting demands of global population growth
			5.9.9 Future transition from oil and gas to electricity
		5.10 Conclusion
		References
		Further reading
6---Distributed-generation-systems--DGS-_2021_Rural-Electrification
	6. Distributed generation systems (DGS)
		6.1 DG key factors
		6.2 DG general applications
		6.3 DG barriers
		6.4 Extension of the existing grid (EEG)
			6.4.1 Introduction
			6.4.2 Grid extension to the countryside
			6.4.3 Summary (EEG)
		6.5 Off-grid systems
		6.6 Important factors
		6.7 Examples of DG technologies
		6.8 Problems
		6.9 Conventional energies for off-grid use
		6.10 Conclusion
		References
7---Distributed-generation-systems--DGS---System-har_2021_Rural-Electrificat
	7. Distributed generation systems (DGS)
		7.1 Reciprocating engines (RE)
		7.2 Microturbine (MT)
		7.3 Combustion turbine (CT)
			7.3.1 CT summary
		7.4 Fuel cell (FC)
			7.4.1 FC summary
		7.5 Renewable energies for off-grid applications
		7.6 Examples of RE DG applications
		7.7 Solar Power (Solar Photovoltaic Power “SPP”)
			7.7.1 Solar power summary
		7.8 Biomass energy
			7.8.1 Biomass energy summary
		7.9 Wind turbines (WT)
			7.9.1 WT summary
		7.10 Geothermal
			7.10.1 Geothermal summary
		7.11 Hydropower
			7.11.1 Micro hydropower system (MHPS)
			7.11.2 MHPS summary
		7.12 Ocean thermal power (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion - OTEC)
			7.12.1 OTEC summary
		7.13 DG using the hybrid system
		7.14 Hybrid systems
			7.14.1 Hybrid system summary
		7.15 Examples of hybrid systems
			7.15.1 PV-wind (PVW)
			7.15.2 Wind-diesel (WD)
			7.15.3 Wind-small hydro
			7.15.4 Wind-PV-micro hydro
		7.16 Additional technologies
		7.17 Recommendations
			7.17.1 Conclusion
		References
8---Rural-electrification-projects_2021_Rural-Electrification
	8. Rural electrification projects
		8.1 Rural projects
		8.2 Electrification projects
		8.3 Project structure
		8.4 Project aspects
		8.5 Stages
		8.6 Conclusion
		References
9---Finance_2021_Rural-Electrification
	9. Finance
		9.1 Rural finance
		9.2 The process
		9.3 Financing issues and barriers
		9.4 Solutions
		9.5 Financial structure
			9.5.1 Micro-level
			9.5.2 Meso-level
			9.5.3 Macro-level
				9.5.3.1 Micro-level
				9.5.3.2 Meso-level
				9.5.3.3 Macro-level
		9.6 Financial schemes
		9.7 Financing stand-alone (off-grid) systems
		9.8 Sources of finance for rural electrification
			9.8.1 UN (United Nations)
			9.8.2 UNCDF (United Nations Capital Development Fund)
			9.8.3 Supporting financial services
			9.8.4 UNDP (United Nations Development Program)
			9.8.5 Environment and Energy
		9.9 The World Bank
		9.10 Cooperatives organizations
		9.11 Micro-financing
			9.11.1 Microfinance and rural electrification
		9.12 Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP)
		9.13 Other banking and financial support services
		9.14 Asian Development Bank
		9.15 African Development Bank (AfDB) group
		9.16 Energy subsidy
			9.16.1 The positive aspects of subsidy
			9.16.2 The negative aspects of subsidy
			9.16.3 IEA global subsidy
		9.17 Rural electrification financial challenges
		9.18 Conclusion
		References
10---Cooperative-model_2021_Rural-Electrification
	10. Cooperative model
		10.1 Example
			10.1.1 The model
			10.1.2 Rural electricity consumption and tariff
		10.2 Energy cooperative
		10.3 Memberships
			10.3.1 Statistics
			10.3.2 The model
			10.3.3 Town profile
			10.3.4 Town energy data
		10.4 Financing renewable energy project
		10.5 Methodology
			10.5.1 Renewable energy analyser two (REA2) approach
			10.5.2 Structure
		10.6 Conclusion
		References
11---Energy-economics_2021_Rural-Electrification
	11. Energy economics
		11.1 Energy demand in the 20th Century
		11.2 Energy transition at the Dawn of the 21st Century
		11.3 Oil demand trends in the early 21st Century
		11.4 Natural gas consumption and the LNG revolution
		11.5 Supply developments in the energy sector
		11.6 Supply developments in oil and gas markets
		11.7 LNG supply and trade
		11.8 Developments in renewable energy
		11.9 The future of fossil fuels
		11.10 Energy investment trends
		11.11 Oil price drivers
		11.12 Gas prices
		11.13 Global energy by sector: industrial, transport and buildings
		11.14 The power sector
		11.15 The issues of rural electrification
		11.16 Off-grid electrification options
		11.17 Levelized Costs of electricity
		11.18 Conclusion
		References
12---Energy-technologies-and-energy-storage-systems-for-_2021_Rural-Electrif
	12. Energy technologies and energy storage systems for sustainable development
		12.1 Rural areas and power supply
		12.2 The energy problems of modern societies
		12.3 Renewable energy as a way out of the energy crises
		12.4 Alternative energy sources: development & prospects
			12.4.1 Solar energy collection using a spherical sun power generator
			12.4.2 Space-based solar power (SBSP)
			12.4.3 Algal biofuel
			12.4.4 Tidal power
			12.4.5 Nuclear waste
			12.4.6 Solar windows
			12.4.7 Human power
			12.4.8 Flying wind farms
			12.4.9 Nuclear fusion
		12.5 Energy storage systems
			12.5.1 Energy storage (ES)
			12.5.2 Benefits of energy storage
			12.5.3 Energy storage technologies
			12.5.4 Energy policies dependent upon EES technologies
		12.6 Conclusion
		References
13---Rural-electrification--field-visits_2021_Rural-Electrification
	13. Rural electrification: field visits
		13.1 India
			13.1.1 Solar-PV power system
			13.1.2 Solar-PV system observations and changes
			13.1.3 Rice husk power system
		13.2 Rice husk system observations & changes
			13.2.1 Changes
		13.3 Conclusion
		13.4 Mozambique
			13.4.1 Energy resources
			13.4.2 Electricity
		13.5 Generation capacity
		13.6 Connections
			13.6.1 Pungwe village
			13.6.2 Pungwe electricity supply
			13.6.3 The clinic
			13.6.4 The school
			13.6.5 Water pumping
			13.6.6 Systems data
			13.6.7 Solar-PV system observations and changes
			13.6.8 Conclusion
		References
Author-index_2021_Rural-Electrification
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Subject-index_2021_Rural-Electrification
	Subject index
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