Ruminant nitrogen usage

Ruminant Nitrogen Usage......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Introduction......Page 12
FRACTIONS OR POOLS......Page 15
TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS......Page 16
FACTORS IN AVAILABILITY OF ABSORBED PROTEIN......Page 18
Crude Bacterial Protein per Unit of Degraded Intake Protein......Page 19
Digestible Nucleic Acid Nitrogen per Unit of Crude Nucleic Acid Nitrogen......Page 22
FECAL METABOLIC PROTEIN......Page 23
GROWTH......Page 24
DYNAMIC MODELS......Page 25
Energy Standards......Page 26
Optimum Undegradability......Page 27
IN VIVO REFERENCE DATA......Page 28
Fecal Crude Protein Equivalent Excretion Relative to Crude Protein Percentage......Page 29
Fecal Crude Protein Equivalent Excretion Relative to Milk Production......Page 30
Milk Nitrogen Output Relative to Milk Production......Page 31
CRITICAL COMMENTS ON OMISSIONS OF SOME SYSTEMS......Page 32
Laboratory Procedures......Page 34
Animal Procedures......Page 35
PROTEIN FRACTIONS AND DEGRADATION......Page 36
MECHANISM OF PROTEIN DEGRADATION......Page 39
In Situ Method for Estimating Protein Degradability......Page 40
Protein Solubility as a Means of Estimating Protein Degradation......Page 41
In Vitro Ammonia Production for Estimating Protein Degradation......Page 42
EXTENT OF PROTEIN DEGRADATION IN THE RUMEN......Page 43
FACTORS INFLUENCING PROTEIN DEGRADATION IN THE FORESTOMACH......Page 44
Rumen Factors......Page 45
Feed Processing and Storage......Page 46
MAJOR CLASSES OF ORGANISMS IN THE RUMEN......Page 48
Carbohydrate......Page 49
PROTOZOA......Page 50
MICROBIAL GROWTH AND FLOW......Page 51
DIGESTION SYSTEM......Page 57
EXTENT OF APPARENT ABSORPTION......Page 58
NAN and Amino Acids from the Stomach......Page 59
Microbial Protein......Page 61
SYNOPSIS......Page 62
Nitrogen Metabolism in the Large Intestine......Page 64
Free Amino Acid Pools......Page 68
Protein Synthesis......Page 70
Nitrogen Excretion......Page 71
PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS......Page 72
Requirements for Tissue Growth, Lactation, and Pregnancy......Page 73
NEW CONCEPTS......Page 77
Microbial N Uptake and Efficiency......Page 79
Fecal N of Nondietary Origin (Metabolic)......Page 80
CALCULATION OF DAILY ABSORBED TRUE PROTEIN NEEDED BY ANIMAL......Page 81
CALCULATION OF FLOW OF TRUE PROTEIN TO SMALL INTESTINE......Page 82
EXAMPLE AND FORM FOR CALCULATING PROTEIN NEED AND DIETARY PROTEIN CHARACTERISTICS......Page 83
Computer Programs......Page 84
Unresolved Problems and Some Areas Needing More Research......Page 85
References......Page 86
Appendix Tables......Page 98
DESCRIPTION OF APPENDIX TABLES 4 TO 6......Page 119
DESCRIPTION OF APPENDIX TABLES 7 AND 8......Page 120
DESCRIPTION OF APPENDIX TABLES 9 AND 10......Page 123
Index......Page 148