RU Speaking: A Guide to Impactful Public Speech

About this Book
	Cover Page
	Inside Front Cover
	Title Page
	Copyright Page
	RU Speaking: A Guide to Impactful Public Speech
	Dedication
	Coverage in Speak Up!, Fifth Edition, Correlated with NCA’s Learning Outcomes in Communication
	Brief Contents
	About the Authors and Illustrator
	Preface
	Contents
	Halftitle Page
The Basics of Public Speaking
	Chapter 1 Introducing Public Speaking
		What Is Public Speaking?
		Why Study Public Speaking?
		Using Public Speaking as a Student
		Using Public Speaking in Your Career
		Using Public Speaking in Your Community
		Public Speaking: A Great Tradition
		Public Speaking: A Dynamic Discipline
		From Linear to Transactional: Evolving Views of the Public Speaking Process
		New Technologies, New Channels
		Awareness of Audiences’ Cultural Diversity
		Emphasis on Critical Thinking
		A Focus on Free, Engaged, and Ethical Communication
		Speech Choices: A Case Study
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
	Chapter 2 Developing Your First Speech
		Why Prepare?
		The Classical Approach to Speech Preparation
		Preparing and Delivering your first Speech
		Analyze Your Audience
		Select Your Topic
		Determine Your Speech’s Rhetorical Purpose
		Create a Thesis Statement
		Determine Your Main Points
		Develop Supporting Materials
		Organize and Outline the Body of Your Speech
		Outline Your Introduction and Conclusion
		Incorporate Transitions
		Consider Your Word Choice
		Consider Presentation Aids
		Practice Your Speech
		Deliver Your Speech
		Overcoming Speech Anxiety
		Prepare Early and Follow a Plan
		Deliver Your Speech to Others
		Try Imagined Interactions
		Take Care of Yourself
		Visualize Success
		Use Relaxation Techniques
		Check Out Some Apps
		Volunteer to Speak First
		Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
		Never Defeat Yourself
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
	Chapter 3 Speech Ethics
		Codes of Ethics: Absolute, Situational, and Culturally Relative
		Legal Speech vs. Ethical Speech
		Communicating Truthfully
		Lying
		Half-Truths
		False Inference
		Acknowledging the Work of Others
		Quoting from a Source
		Paraphrasing the Work of Others
		Common Knowledge
		Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
		Using Sound Reasoning
		Being an Ethical Listener
		Show Courtesy
		Demonstrate an Open Mind
		Hold the Speaker Accountable
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
	Chapter 4 Listening Skills
		The Listening Process
		Listening vs. Hearing
		Processing What You’ve Heard
		Retaining What You’ve Processed
		Listening Styles
		The Culprits Behind Poor Listening
		Unprocessed Note Taking
		Nonlistening
		Interruptive Listening
		Agenda-Driven Listening
		Argumentative Listening
		Nervous Listening
		Becoming a Better Listener
		Filter Out Distractions
		Focus on the Speaker
		Show That You Are Paying Attention
		Maximizing Your Audience’s Listening
		Anticipate Ineffective Listening before Your Speech
		Encourage Active Listening during Your Speech
		Listening When You are in the Audience
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
Preparation Fundamentals
	Chapter 5 Audience Analysis
		Understanding Situational Characteristics
		Size
		Time
		Location
		Mobility
		Incorporating Demographics
		Age
		Gender Composition
		Sexual Orientation
		Race and Ethnicity
		Religious Orientation
		Socioeconomic Background
		Political Affiliation
		Putting the Demographic Pieces Together
		Seeking Common Ground
		Identifying Prior Exposure
		Identifying Audience Disposition
		Gathering Information About Your Audience
		Surveying Your Audience
		Interviewing Your Audience
		Considering and Observing Your Audience
		Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
	Chapter 6 Selecting Your Topic
		Developing a Set of Potential Topics
		Research
		Brainstorming
		Word Association
		Mind Mapping
		Selecting the Best Topic
		Consider the Assignment
		Consider Your Audience
		Consider Your Knowledge and Interests
		Consider the Speech Context
		Choose a Topic and Stick with It
		Refining Your Topic
		Decide Your Rhetorical Purpose
		Narrow Your Topic
		Drafting Your Specific Purpose
		Drafting Your Thesis Statement
		Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
	Chapter 7 Researching Your Speech
		Research Is Essential
		Research Works Best When You Have a Plan
		Inventory Your Research Needs
		Find the Sources You Need
		Keep Track of Your Sources
		Evaluating a Source’s Credibility
		Expertise
		Objectivity
		Observational Capacity
		Recency
		Conducting Library Research
		Books
		Periodicals
		Newspapers
		Reference Works
		Government Documents
		Using the Internet
		Benefits of Internet Research
		Disadvantages of Internet Research
		Evaluating the Credibility of Online Sources
		Credibility of Social Media
		Searching the World Wide Web
		Interviewing Sources
		Prepare for Your Interview
		Set Up Your Interview
		Plan Your Interview Questions
		Conduct the Interview
		Evaluate Your Notes
		Presenting Evidence in Your Speech
		Clearly Cite Your Sources
		Present the Information Accurately
		Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
	Chapter 8 Using Supporting Materials for Your Speech
		Why Use Supporting Materials?
		Building Audience Interest
		Enhancing Audience Understanding
		Strengthening Audience Memory
		Winning Audience Agreement
		Evoking Audience Emotion
		Types of Supporting Materials
		Examples
		Definitions
		Testimony
		Statistics
		Narratives
		Analogies
		Guidelines for Using Supporting Materials
		Choose the Most Credible Proof
		Use a Variety of Supporting Materials
		Appeal to Different Learning Styles
		Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
		Avoid Long Lists
		Consider Your Audience
		Respect the Available Time
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
Organizing and Outlining
	Chapter 9 Organizing Your Speech
		Selecting Your Main Points
		Consider Your Purpose
		Take Your Audience into Account
		Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points
		Organizing Your Supporting Materials
		Subordination and Coordination
		When a Subpoint Doesn’t Fit
		Arranging Your Main Points
		Spatial Pattern
		Chronological (Temporal) Pattern
		Causal Pattern
		Comparison Pattern
		Categorical (Topical) Pattern
		Persuasive Speech Patterns
		Using Organizing Words, Phrases, and Sentences
		Transitions
		Signposts
		Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
		Internal Previews and Internal Summaries
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
	Chapter 10 Introductions and Conclusions
		Introducing Your Speech
		Gain Your Audience’s Attention
		Signal Your Thesis
		Show Your Audience What’s in It for Them
		Establish Your Credibility
		Preview Your Main Points
		Concluding Your Speech
		Transition to Your Conclusion
		Summarize Your Main Points
		Finish with a Memorable Clincher
		Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
	Chapter 11 Outlining Your Speech
		Two Stages of Outlining
		The Detailed Outline
		The Speaking Outline
		Creating Your Detailed Outline
		Outlining the Body of Your Speech
		Outlining Your Introduction
		Outlining Your Conclusion
		Creating a List of References
		Inserting the Title, Specific Purpose, and Thesis
		A Sample Detailed Outline
		Creating Your Speaking Outline
		Elements of Your Speaking Outline
		The Medium for Your Speaking Outline
		A Sample Speaking Outline
		Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
Language and Delivery
	Chapter 12 Language and Style
		The Importance of Language and Word Choice
		Differences Between Oral and Written Language
		Denotative and Connotative Meaning
		Denotative Meaning
		Connotative Meaning
		Presenting Your Message Clearly
		Understandable Language
		Concrete Words
		Proper Use of Words
		Concise Language
		Expressing Your Ideas Effectively
		Repetition
		Hypothetical Examples
		Personal Anecdotes
		Vivid Language
		Figurative Language
		Choosing Respectful and Unbiased Language
		Avoid Stereotypes
		Use Gender-Neutral References
		Make Appropriate References to Ethnic Groups
		Steer Clear of Unnecessary References to Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, or Sexuality
		Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
		A Note on Appropriate Language and Political Correctness
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
	Chapter 13 Delivering Your Speech
		Selecting the Right Mode of Delivery
		Reading from a Manuscript
		Memorizing from a Manuscript
		Speaking from an Outline
		Impromptu Speaking
		Using Verbal Delivery Skills
		Volume
		Tone
		Rate of Delivery
		Projection
		Articulation
		Pronunciation
		Pausing
		Using Nonverbal Delivery Skills
		Eye Contact
		Gestures
		Physical Movement
		Proxemics
		Personal Appearance
		Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
	Chapter 14 Using Presentation Aids
		Why Use Presentation Aids?
		Presentation Aids Can Make Your Speech More Interesting
		Presentation Aids Can Simplify a Complex Topic
		Presentation Aids Can Help Your Audience Remember Your Speech
		Types of Presentation Aids
		The Speaker
		Assistants
		Objects
		Visual Images
		Graphs
		Text-Based Visuals
		Audio and Video
		Using Technology Wisely
		Using Presentation Software
		Using Other Technology
		Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids
		Consider the Forum
		Consider Your Audience
		Make Sure Your Aids Support Your Points
		Keep Your Aids Simple and Clear
		Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids
		Using Presentation Aids During Your Speech
		Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
		Make Sure Everyone Can See and Hear Your Aids
		Control Audience Interaction with Your Aids
		Maintain Eye Contact
		Remember the Purpose of Your Aids
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
Types of Public Speaking
	Chapter 15 Mediated Public Speaking
		The Rise of Mediated Communication
		The Expansion of Mediated Public Speaking
		Prerecorded and Real-Time Presentations
		Advantages of Mediated Presentations
		General Advantages
		Advantages of Prerecorded Speeches
		Advantages of Real-Time Technologies
		Challenges of Mediated Presentations
		Loss of Naturalness
		Loss of Immediacy
		Decreased Nonverbal Communication
		Diminished Feedback
		Difficulty Managing Distractions
		Technological Difficulties
		Optimizing Delivery and Messages in Mediated Presentations
		Delivery Considerations
		Message Adaptations
		Practicing Delivery and Recording
		Recording Your Classroom Speech
		Camera
		Setting and Background
		Attire
		Camera Positioning
		Special Considerations for Real-Time Presentations
		Practicing with Your Equipment to Make Sure It Works
		Selecting a Robust Internet Connection
		Using Group Chat/Video and Screen Sharing
		Creating Opportunities for Audience Interaction
		Soliciting Feedback through an Alternative Medium
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
		Mediated Speech Competency Rubric
	Chapter 16 Informative Speaking
		Techniques for Informing
		Definition
		Explanation
		Description
		Demonstration
		Narrative
		Types of Informative Speeches
		Objects
		Individuals or Groups
		Events
		Processes
		Ideas
		Developing Your Informative Speech
		Analyzing Your Audience
		Selecting a Technique
		Focusing on Your Goal to Inform
		Clarifying and Simplifying Your Message
		Sample Informative Speech
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
		Informative Speech Competency Rubric
	Chapter 17 Persuasive Speaking
		The Nature of a Persuasive Speech
		Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence Audience Members
		Persuasive Speeches Advocate Fact, Value, or Policy Claims
		The Nature of Persuasion
		Two Paths to Persuasion
		The Importance of Central Route Processing
		Which Route Will Audience Members Follow?
		Tailoring Your Persuasive Message to the Audience
		Adapting to Audience Disposition
		Appealing to Your Audience’s Needs
		Connecting to Your Listeners’ Values
		Accounting for Audience Beliefs
		Focusing on Peripheral Beliefs
		Demonstrating How Your Audience Benefits
		Acknowledging Listeners’ Reservations
		Ethical Persuasion
		Help Your Audience Make an Informed Decision
		Research Your Facts
		Note Any Biases
		Attribute Your Research Properly
		Organizing Your Persuasive Speech
		Organizing Fact Claims
		Organizing Value Claims
		Organizing Policy Claims
		Speech Choices: A Case Study: Rafaela
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
		Persuasive Speech Competency Rubric
	Chapter 18 Methods of Persuasion
		Ethos: Your Credibility as a Speaker
		Understanding the Elements of Credibility
		Building Your Credibility
		Avoiding Loss of Your Credibility
		Logos: The Evidence and Reasoning behind Your Message
		Using Evidence
		Using Reasoning
		Avoiding Logical Fallacies
		Pathos: Evoking Your Listeners’ Emotions
		Using Emotional Appeals
		Ensuring Ethical Use of Pathos
		Sample Persuasive Speech
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
	Chapter 19 Special-Occasion Speaking
		Types of Special-Occasion Speeches
		General Guidelines for Special-Occasion Speeches
		Appealing to Your Audience’s Emotions
		Matching Your Delivery to the Mood of the Occasion
		Adapting to Your Audience’s Expectations
		Evoking Shared Values
		Respecting Time Constraints
		Strategies for Each Type of Special-Occasion Speech
		Strategies for Speeches of Introduction
		Strategies for Speeches of Presentation
		Strategies for Speeches of Acceptance
		Strategies for Speeches to Memorialize or Eulogize
		Strategies for Speeches to Celebrate
		Strategies for After-Dinner Speeches
		Sample Special-Occasion Speech
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
	Chapter 20 Group Communication
		Effective Group Leadership
		Selecting a Leader
		Leading Meetings
		Managing Conflict
		Effective Group Membership
		Three Types of Member Roles
		Tips for Participating in a Small Group
		Group Decision Making and the Reflective-Thinking Process
		Define the Problem
		Analyze the Problem
		Establish Criteria for Solving the Problem
		Generate Possible Solutions
		Select the Best Solution
		Delivering Group Presentations
		Symposium
		Panel Discussion
		Single Group Representative
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
	Chapter 21 Civic Engagement
		Civic Engagement and Its Importance to Society
		How Civic Engagement Benefits You
		Forums and Venues for Civic Engagement
		Applying Public Speaking Skills to Civic Engagement
		Invention
		Audience Analysis
		Organization (Arrangement)
		Language and Style
		Preparation (Memory)
		Delivery
		Speech Choices
		Chapter Review
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Activities
Appendix A: Speech Choices Outline and Full-Length Speech
	Why Women Should Run for Office: Speech Choices Outline
	Why Women Should Run for Office: Full-Length Speech
Appendix B: Additional Sample Speeches
	Sample Special-Occasion Speech: John McCain, Liberty Medal Ceremony
	Sample Persuasive Speech: David Kruckenberg, Child Slavery and the Production of Chocolate
	Sample Persuasive Speech: Michelle Bachelet, Reclaiming Public Spaces for the Empowerment of Women and Girls
Notes
Glossary
Index
LaunchPad
Inside Back Cover
Back Cover