Royal Power in the Late Carolingian Age: Charles III the Simple and His Predecessors

Preface xi
Summary xiii
Abbreviations xv
Introduction 1
Possibilities and limits of late Carolingian rule 6
The functioning of royal power 9
Analytical approach 17
I. Becoming king: The questions of legitimacy and support 21
I.1 Charles’ claim to the throne 21
I.1.1 Louis the Stammerer’s two marriages 22
I.1.2 The question of Louis’ succession 25
I.1.3 Passing over Charles 28
I.1.4 A Robertian on the throne 32
I.1.5 Carolingian blood matters 37
I.2 Close supporters and distant allies 39
I.2.1 Archbishop Fulk of Reims 39
I.2.2 The network elevating Charles 44
I.2.3 The motives behind the rebellion 50
I.2.4 The cohesion of the network 53
I.2.5 Allies sought within the realm 55
I.2.6 Allies sought outside the realm 62
I.2.7 A network of different layers 68
I.3 Conclusion 70
II. Changes in the political landscape: From Louis the Stammerer to Odo 77
II.1 Old elites: Louis II the Stammerer 79
II.2 Rival factions: Louis III and Carloman II 89
II.3 New faces on the rise: Charles the Fat 101
II.4 Resistance, integration and rebellion: Odo 111
II.5 Conclusion: Continuities and changes 121
III. Networks of royal power: Charles the Simple 127
III.1 General overview 127
III.1.1 Charles’ itinerary 130
III.1.2 Contacts with distant regions 134
III.1.3 Using diplomas to demonstrate Carolingian legitimacy? 142
III.2 Breaking it down: Networks of royal power 149
III.2.1 Close associates and allies 151
III.2.1.1 The first years 151
III.2.1.2 Shifting balances 154
III.2.1.3 A new balance 157
III.2.1.4 Lotharingia 162
III.2.1.5 The early Lotharingian network 169
III.2.1.6 A king of two \'regna\'? 175
III.2.1.7 The later years 178
III.2.1.8 Liberty of choice? 187
III.2.2 Family and friends 191
III.2.3 The role of the \'marchiones\' 205
III.3 Conclusion: The development of Charles’ network and its dissolution 222
IV. Relations with other rulers 233
IV.1 Creating cooperation: Louis the Stammerer 233
IV.2 Carolingian networks: Louis III and Carloman II 236
IV.3 Structural weaknesses: Odo 240
IV.4 Possibilities and limits of royal power: Charles the Simple 243
IV.5 Conclusion 259
V. The Viking problem 261
V.1 Viking incursions and royal measures in protection of the realm 263
V.1.1 Going on the offensive: Louis the Stammerer—Charles the Fat 263
V.1.2 Strategies of containment: Odo 274
V.1.3 Return to the old strategies: Charles the Simple 277
V.2 Diplomatic solutions 281
V.2.1 Dudo’s \'De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum\' 281
V.2.2 The treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte 284
V.2.3 Using an old solution in a new way 289
V.3 Conclusion 292
VI. Conflicts, rebellions and the role of trust 295
VI.1 Solving conflicts: The role of interest groups 299
VI.2 Rulers and nobles: Breaches of trust 308
VI.3 Speaking justice: Symbolic acts 316
VI.4 Against the king: Questioning the right to rule 330
VI.5. Conclusion 334
Conclusion 347
Bibliography 353
Primary Sources 353
Secondary Sources 360
Index 395