Routledge Handbook on American Prisons

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of contents
Illustrations
Contributors
Preface
Part I Prison Security, Operations, and Administration
	1 Prison Rules, Regulations, and Disciplinary Procedures
		Prison Regulations
		Standards On Treatment of Prisoners
		Administrative Infractions
			Rules Surrounding Inmate Privileges
			Rules On Inmate Appearance and Sanitation
			Rules On Inmate Safety and Orderly Operations
		Disciplining An Inmate for Administrative Infractions
			Methods of Prison Disciplinary Practices
			Ethics of Solitary Confinement
			Mental Illness and Prison Rules
		Summary
		Note
		References
	2 The Evolution of Privatized Corrections in America
		Theoretical Context
		The Colonial and Antebellum Period
			Colonial Virginia
			Colonial Louisiana
			A Re-Convergence of East and West
		The Rise of Prison Labor
		Post-Civil War Convict Leasing
		Modern Correctional Management
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	3 Review of Risk Assessment and Classification in Prisons
		Introduction and Overview
		The Inevitable Need for Offender Risk Assessment and Management Classification in Prisons
		Main Risk Assessment and Risk/need Classifications in Prisons
			External Classifications
			Internal Classifications
		A Brief History of Risk and Needs Classification in Prisons
		Key Concepts and Terms Related to the Use of RA and IC in Prisons
		Critical Requirements in Designing Prison RA and ICs
			Step 1. Specify What Risks Are to Be Predicted By the RA Over What Time Period
			Step 2. Establish Performance Requirements and Quality Standards of Prison RAs and ICs
				Scientific Requirements
		Practical Requirements
		Legal Requirements
			Step 3 Selecting Predictive and Explanatory Risk Factors for Prison RA
			Step 4 Selecting Appropriate Samples or Target Population (TG) for Prison RSs
			Step 5 Combine or Synthesize Individual Risk Factor Scores Into a Risk Decision
			Step 6 Assessing the Predictive Performance of RA Instruments
		Current Status, Challenges and Dilemmas for RA/IC Procedures in Prisons
		Conclusions: Trends and Their Challenges
		References
	4 Working in Institutional Corrections: The Roles, Responsibilities, and Challenges of Being a Correctional Officer
		Acknowledgment
		We Thank Janet Lambert for Proofreading this Chapter.
		References
	5 Convenience Without Conscience: Supermax Confinement in American Penology
		Conceptual Matters
		Historical Context
		Contemporary Patterns of Use
		Conditions and Practices
		Outcomes and Effects
		Conclusion: Wither the Supermax?
		References
Part II Types of Offenders and Populations
	6 Who Goes to Prison and Why?: Examining Inmate Characteristics and Offense Types
		Introduction
		Who Goes to Prison?
			Race/Ethnicity
			Sex and Gender Identity
			Age
			Marital Status and Family
			Employment and Socioeconomic Status
			Education
			Citizenship
			Criminal History
			History of Victimization
			Substance Use
			Mental and Physical Health
		Why Do They Go to Prison?
			Violent Offenses
			Property Offenses
			Drug Offenses
			Public Order Offenses
			Economic Offenses
			Probation and Parole Revocations
			Sentence Length
		Private Prisons
		Conclusion
		References
	7 Women in Corrections
		Current Incarceration Rates: Men, Women, and Intersections
			Changes Over Time
		Explanations of Changes in Women’s Incarceration
			Economic Marginalization
			Net Widening
			War On Drugs
			Bureaucratization of Sentencing Practices
		The Unique Context of Incarceration for Women
		Pregnancy and Motherhood
			Pregnancy and Childbirth
			Shackling
			Motherhood
			Visitation and Communication
			Menstrual Hygiene Products
			Victimization in Prison
		Conclusion
		References
	8 People Suffering From mental Illness in Prison
		Introduction
		Prevalence Estimates: How Many People?
		How Did We Get Here? Deinstitutionalization and Criminalization
		Experiences of People With Mental Disorders in Prison
			Misconduct in Prison By Inmates With Mental Disorders
			Victimization in Prison By Inmates With Mental Disorders
			Suicidal Behavior By Inmates With Mental Disorders
		Impacts of Prison On Mental Health
			Paranoia
			Overcrowding
			Deprivation
			Solitary Confinement
		Management of Mental Health in Prison
			Treatment Provision in Prison
		References
	9 Elderly Inmates
		Who Are These Elderly Prisoners?
		Ethical Implications of Elderly Prisoner Growth
			Healthcare Considerations
			Cost Considerations
			Housing Considerations
			Philosophical Considerations
		Policy Alternatives for Elderly Prisoners
			Managing Elderly Inmates’ Needs Within General Prison Populations
			Separate Housing Units/facilities
			Early Release Opportunities
			Compassionate Release
			Medical Parole
			Geriatric Release Programs
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Part III Living and Dying in Prison
	10 Prison Violence
		Prevalence and Types of Prison Violence
		Riots
			History and Background of Riots
				Riot Causation
		Gang Violence
			History and Background of Prison Gangs
			Prevalence and Nature of Prison Gang Violence
		Violence By Individual Prisoners
		Correctional Officer Violence
		Causes of Prison Violence
			The Nature of Violent Prisoners
			Predatory Inmates and State-raised Youth
			Hypermasculinity in Prisons
			Fear, Street Culture, and the Campaign for Respect
			The Mentally Ill
		The Nature of Violent Prisons
			Violence Exacerbated by Prison Administration and Conditions
			Relationships Between Inmates and Officers
		Situational Violence
		A Note On Violence in Women’s Prisons
		Prisons Without Violence?
		References
	11 Misconduct in Corrections
		Introduction
		Inmate Misconduct
		Correctional Staff Misconduct
		Conclusion
		References
	12 Sexual Behavior in Prison
		Sexual Violence and Victimization
		Prevalence
		Victim Characteristics
		Offender Characteristics
		Preventing Sexual Victimization
		Coercive Relationships
		Consensual Relationships
		Inmate and Staff Relationships
		(Un)Safe Sex Practices in Prison
		References
	13 Correctional Healthcare
		Introduction
		History and Legal Challenges of Healthcare in Correctional Facilities
		HealthCare in Correctional Facilities Today
			Disparities in Health Between Incarcerated and Nonincarcerated Individuals
			Racial Disparities in Correctional Healthcare
			Health Conditions of Incarcerated Women
			Aging Prison Population
		Community Corrections
			Barriers to Healthcare for Those Under Community Corrections
		Individual-Level Barriers
			Health Literacy
			Perceived Stigma
		Structural-Level Barriers
			Housing
			Employment
			Transportation
			Accessibility to Insurance
		Conclusion
		References
	14 Life On Death Row
		Introduction
		General Conditions for Those Living On Death Row in the United States
			Restrictions
			Cells
			Property
			Movement Outside Cell
			Recreation
			Food
			Programs and Services
			Visits and Phone Calls
		“Hustling” On Death Row
		The Requirements for the “hustle”
			Supplies May Be Stolen While On the Job
			Use Institutional Supplies and Equipment to Produce Items
			Provide Labor Services for Other Inmates
		The Requirements for the “hustler”
			Imagination
			Initiative
			Willingness
			Access
		The Probability of Getting Caught
			Frequency
			Quantity of Goods and Services Hustled
			Inmate Experience/time Inside
			Vigilance of the Officers
		Acquiring Goods and Services in Prison
			Ordering “take Out”
			Getting the Items and Packaging for Transport
			Storage/risk/contraband
			Occupying Security/distraction
			Crossing the Yard/pairs/teams
			Hand-offs/distribution/unloading.
			Intended Use By Consumer.
		Disciplinary Charges for “hustling”
		Why Is Food So Important On Death Row?
		Overview
			To Eat
			Bartering
			Friendship/fear
			Dope, Drugs, and Countless Addictions
			Canteen/Supplies
			Some Just Want to Cheat the System
		Ingenuity of Death Row Inmates
			Food Preparation in the Cell
			Procured Via Time/bowls and Items
			Utensils/the Spork
			Cutting Tools
			Spoons, Ladles, Measuring Cups
			Cook Pots/Hot Pots
			Microwaves
			Irons
			Wires From Socket to Liquid
		Relationships Between Correctional Officers and Death Row Inmates
			Symbiotic Type of Relationship and the Cycle
		Causes of Death Row Inmate Stress
			Environment of Deprivation
			Isolation
			Helplessness/Lack of Control
			Sense of Intrusion
			Painful Self-Reflection
		Causes of Correctional Officer Stress
			Work-Related Sources of Stress
			Stress From Outside the Prison
		Impact of Stress On Correctional Officers and Death Row Inmates
			Extended Incarceration
			Increased Stressors for Correctional Officers and Inmates
			Development of Repertoire of Coping Strategies
		Impact of Maladaptive Coping Mechanisms
			Psychological Distress
			Difficulty With Adjustment
			Increased Disciplinary Infractions
			Increased Stress and Strain On All
		Hustling and Positive Inmate Adjustment
			Hustling As a “positive” Coping Mechanism
		Conclusion
		References
Part IV Release, Reentry, and Reform
	15 Cognitive and Psychological Programming for Correctional Populations
		Cognitive and Psychological Programming for Correctional Populations
		Theoretical and Psychological Perspectives
		Meta-analytic Approach and Effective Interventions
			Principles of Effective Intervention
			Central Eight Risk/need Factors
			RNR Model
		Cognitive Behavioral and Psychological Interventions
			Thought Stopping
			Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
			Cognitive Therapy
			Self-instructional Training
			Problem-solving Therapy/Training
			Stress Inoculation Training
		Effectiveness Studies
		Effective Correctional Intervention
			Core Correctional Practices
			Dosage and Risk
		Emerging Issues and Trends: Special Populations
			Women in Correctional Settings
			Racial and Ethnic Disparities
			Juveniles in the Legal System
			Incarcerated Populations With Mental Illness
		Special Populations for Future Focus
			Court-Involved LGBTQ+ Individuals
		Moving Forward
		Notes
		References
	16 Educational and Skill-Based Programming
		Programs
			Correctional Education
			Employment Programing
			Life Skills
			Diversity in Programming
		Conclusion
		References
	17 Collateral Consequences of Incarceration
		Introduction
		Employment and Wages
		Family
		Physical and Mental Health
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	18 Collateral Consequences of Incarceration on Community
		Introduction
		Preincarceration: Residential Contexts
		Theoretical Perspectives on the Spatial Distribution of Incarceration
			Ecological Perspective
			Social Control Perspective
		Research on the Spatial Distribution of Incarceration
		Postincarceration: Context of Reentry
		The Spatial Concentration of Release
		Consequences of Release in Communities
		Directions for Future Research
		Jail Incarceration as an Entry Point
		Framing Economic Contributions to Communities
		Incorporating Immigrant Status into Incarceration’s Consequences for Communities
		Conclusion
		Note
		Acknowledgment
		References
	19 Reforming Penality
		Context for Reforming Penalties
		A Brief History of the Evolution of Sentencing
		The Many Consequences of the Punitive Sentencing Policies
		U.S. Sentencing in Comparative Context
		Recommended Reforms
		Concluding Thoughts
		Notes
		References
			Court Cases Cited
Index