Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface and Introduction by Nancy Snow and Nicholas J. Cull
Notes on Contributors
Introduction
	1 .Rethinking Public Diplomacy in the 2020s
		Notes
	2. Public Diplomacy Before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase
		Notes
PART 1: The Scope of Public Diplomacy: Key Practices
	3. The Spectrum of Listening
		Introduction
		Apophatic Listening
		Active Listening
		Tactical Listening
		Listening in
		Background/Casual Listening
		Spying or Surreptitious Listening
		Active Listening Requires the Combination of Thick and Thin Description
		Active Listening Is a
Representational Act
		Conclusion
		Notes
	4. Cultural Diplomacy
		Cultural Diplomacy: The Elusive Definition
		Shifting from Definitions to Outcomes
		Notes
	5. Exchange Programs and Public Diplomacy
		Exchanges and Evaluating “Success”
		A
Global History?
		Political Context
		Risk and Unpredictability
		Cultural Difference
		The Opinion Leader
		The Cultural Broker
		Identity and Orientation
		Conclusion
		Notes
	6. International Broadcasting: Public Diplomacy as a Game in a Marketplace of Loyalties
		Introduction
		International Broadcasting and Game Theory
		Two-Level Game Theory: Balancing International and Domestic Forces
		Negotiative Communication in a
Marketplace of Loyalties
		Case Studies
		Conclusion
		Notes
	7. Public Diplomacy Evaluation
		Introduction
		Notes
PART 2: Public Diplomacy Applications
	8. Arts Diplomacy: The Neglected Aspect of Cultural Diplomacy
		Notes
	9. Operationalizing Public Diplomacy
		Introduction
		Creating USIS
		Creating OIAA
		Creating Smith-Mundt
		Creating USIA
		Creating Public Diplomacy
		Conclusion
		Notes
	10. Communication Logics of Global Public Diplomacy
		Limitations of Information and Relational Approach
		Relationalism
		Communication Dynamics Across Different Logics
		Coexisting Logics: Public Diplomacy and Cultural Diplomacy
		Public Diplomacy: Who Is the Public?
		Cultural Diplomacy: What Is Soft Power?
		Conclusion
		Notes
	11. The Nexus of US Public Diplomacy and Citizen Diplomacy
		Introduction
		History
		Definition of Citizen Diplomacy
		The Impact of US International Exchange Programs
		Unique Public Sector–Private Sector Partnerships
		Illustration: The International Visitor Leadership Program
		The Power of Citizen Diplomacy
		Citizen Diplomacy: Beyond Public Diplomacy
		We Are All Citizen Diplomats
		Notes
	12. Crisis and Narrative: The San Bernardino Case
		Strategic Narratives and Terrorism
		The Facts as of December
5, 2015
		Dominant Narratives as of December
5, 2015
		The Oval Office Address
		Al Jazeera America
		Lessons Learned
		Notes
	13. Country Branding: A Practitioner Perspective
		Introduction
		What Is Country Branding?
		Values-Based Platforms
		Country Branding and Public Diplomacy
		Importance: Why Country Branding?
		Nation Branding, Then and Now
		How It Differs Across Regions
		Keys to Success and Pitfalls to Avoid
		Trends to Watch Out For
		Conclusion
		Notes
	14. The Changing Nature of Nation Branding: Implications for Public Diplomacy
		Introduction
		Social Media Redefines the Arena
		The Rise of City Brands
		The ICON Model of Nation Branding
		Conclusion
		Notes
PART 3: Public Diplomacy and Persuasion
	15. Tactics of Social Influence for Use in International Conflicts
		Introduction
		Norm of Reciprocity
		Fear Appeals
		Foot-in-the-Door
		Granfallooning
		Jigsawing
		Projection
		Damn It, Refute It, Damn It, Replace It
		The Democratic Use of Social Influence: Ethical and Legal Issues
		Conclusion
		Notes
	16. Credibility and Public Diplomacy
		Tenets of Credibility
		Credibility Is Dynamic
		Credibility Is Situation Specific and Culture Bound
		Credibility Is a
Multidimensional Construct
		Secondary Dimensions of Credibility
		Credibility and Culture
		Conclusion
		Notes
	17. The Primacy of Culture in Influence: A Dissenting View
		Concentration of Influence Research in the West
		The Primacy-of-Culture Perspective
		Dissenting Primacy of Culture
		Slouching Toward Complexity
		Influence Universals Masquerading as Cultural Specifics
		Conclusion
		Notes
PART 4: Case Studies in Public Diplomacy
	18. UN Celebrity-Driven Public Diplomacy: Causes, Critiques, and Trajectories
		The Evolution of UN-Focused Celebrity Diplomacy
		An Array of Controversies
		Conclusion
		Notes
	19. Diplomacy and Culture in the European Union Global 
Strategy
		Introduction
		Defining and Applying the Public Diplomacy Concept to Europe
		The Shaping of the EU Cultural Strategy towards Its Neighbors
		Towards the Adoption of an EU Global Strategy
		EU Attractiveness in Question
		Conclusion
		Notes
	20. A Guide to Gastrodiplomacy
		Introduction
		Theories of Gastrodiplomacy
		Gastrodiplomacy Strategies and Best Practices
		Track III Gastrodiplomacy
		Conclusion
		Notes
	21. Diaspora and Diplomacy
		Diaspora and Global Governance
		Economic Development and Diaspora Entrepreneurialism
		Politics from a
Distance
		Conflict, Crisis, and Humanitarian Intervention
		Conclusion
		Notes
	22. The World Expo and Nation Branding
		Experiencing Nations
		Practicing Nation Branding
		Expo 2020 Dubai and Beyond
		Notes
	23. UNESCO Approaches to Public Diplomacy
		The UNESCO Mandate
		UNESCO’s Traditional Approach to Public Diplomacy
		UNESCO’s Institutional Culture: Communication and Public Diplomacy as Neglected Resources
		UNESCO’s Communication Reform: Towards a New Approach
of Public Diplomacy?
		Persistent Budgetary Problems and the Lack of a Comprehensive
Strategy
		The Need to Adopt a Conversational Approach to Public Diplomacy
		Conclusion
		Notes
PART 5: Global Approaches to Public Diplomacy
	24. Four Seasons in One Day: The Crowded House of Public Diplomacy in the United Kingdom
		Introduction
		The Spectrum of Activity in the United Kingdom
		Listening
		Facilitation
		Building Networks or Long-Term Relationships
		Cultural Exchange
		Cultural Diplomacy
		Broadcasting
		Direct Messaging
		Relating the Spectrum to UK PD
		British Council
		BBC World Service
		Foreign and Commonwealth Office
		Beyond the PD Core
		Conclusion
		Notes
	25. Germany’s Public Diplomacy: Translating Domestic Discourses of Modernity and Culture, Past and Present
		Introduction
		Perceptions of Germany and Public Diplomacy as a
Storytelling Tool
		Terminology, Concepts, and Theories of German Public Diplomacy
		Main Actors, Topics, and Instruments of German Public Diplomacy
		Public Diplomacy for Germany Organized by Third Parties
		Conclusion
		Notes
	26. Public Diplomacy à la française
		Introduction: Trigger Factors and Definitions
		External Cultural Action and Audio-Visual Policy
		Francophonie as Public Diplomacy
		Digital Diplomacy
		Bringing Non-State Actors Back in?
		Decentralized Cooperation
		Research and Education
		“La diplomatie publique d’Etat, c’est moi”: A French Temptation?
		Notes
	27. Japan’s Public Diplomacy at the Crossroads
		Main Actors of Japan’s Public Diplomacy Efforts
		History of Japanese Public Diplomacy
		Looking for a
New National Identity
		Consolidating Cultural Diplomacy in Parallel with Emerging Economic Power
		Mushrooming Main Actors
		Consolidating Global Partnership and Multilateral Approaches
		Culture Attracts the World Instead of Economy
		Post-Great East Japan Earthquake Public Diplomacy
		Neoliberalization and Civil Socialization
		Notes
	28. Communicating Confidence: China’s Public Diplomacy
		Chinese Approaches
		The China Dream
		One Belt, One Road
		The 2008 Olympic Games
		The Confucius Institutes
		International Broadcasting
		Conclusion
		Notes
	29. Historical Memory and Public Diplomacy: The Case of Russia
		Introduction
		Historical Memory and Public Diplomacy
		Russian Definitions of Soft Power
		Russian Use of History to Justify Aggression
		Russian Nationals and Intervention
		Institutions of Public Diplomacy
		Conclusion
		Notes
	30. Australian Public Diplomacy
		Introduction
		Developing Ideas on PD
		Voices from the PD Policy Community
		Conclusion
		Notes
	31. Populism and Public Diplomacy: The Case of India
		Introduction
		Faith-Based Diplomacy
		The Diasporic Dimension
		The Popular Dimension
		Communicating Soft Power
		Digital Diplomacy
		How Effective Are India’s Soft-Power Initiatives?
		Notes
	32. Korea’s Public Diplomacy
		Concept of Public Diplomacy
		Why Public Diplomacy in Korea?
		Korea’s Public Diplomacy
		Public Diplomacy Act
		Actors
		Three Sectors: Culture, Knowledge, and Policy
		Participatory Public Diplomacy
		Future Direction of Korea’s Public Diplomacy
		Conclusion
		Notes
	33. Israel: Countering Brandjacking
		Introduction
		The New Anti-Semitism
		Brandjacking at the UN and International Organizations
		The BDS Movement
		Counter Branding: “Israel Beyond the Conflict”
		Evaluation
		Conclusion
		Notes
	34. The Brazilian Approach to Public Diplomacy
		The Itamaraty (Foreign Ministry) Hub
		Secom (Media and Public Affairs at the Executive Office of the President)
		Conclusion
		Notes
	35. Turkey’s Public Diplomacy in Flux: From Proactive to Reactive Communication
		The AKP (Justice and Development Party)
		Overview of Turkey’s Public Diplomacy Toolkit
		Does Turkey Still Have a
Story to Tell?
		Notes
	36. African Public Diplomacy: Between Deficiencies and 
Potential
		Introduction
		An Africa-Wide Approach
		Latent Public Diplomacy Capital
		Public Diplomacy Deficit
		A
View from Emerging Literature
		The State of Public Diplomacy Mechanisms
		Conclusion
		Notes
	37. Public Diplomacy in Latin America: An Emerging Field of Practice?
		Introduction
		Addressing Regional Generalizations in PD
		Discovering or Rediscovering PD Conceptualizations
		MFA Modernization and Digitalization of PD Practice: Digital Diplomacy in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Perú
		Conclusion
		Notes
	38. Nation Branding in the Arab World
		Introduction
		The Arab World in International Brand Rankings: The Gulf vs. the Levant
		The Branding Challenges of the Levant Countries
		The Gulf Peninsula: The Promise and the Challenges
		Conclusion
		Notes
PART 6: Fresh Perspectives in Public Diplomacy
	39. Ethics and Social Issues in Public Diplomacy
		Introduction
		Tools for Evaluating US Public Diplomacy
		Should Public Diplomacy Have a
Commitment to Truth?
		A
Call for Two-Way Symmetrical Public Diplomacy
		Theoretical Underpinnings of Dialogue and Symmetry
		The Necessity of Values-Based Leadership
		Notes
	40. Digital Public Diplomacy: Business as Usual or a Paradigm Shift?
		Introduction
		Relationships of Influence
		Tactics vs. Strategy
		Impact and Evaluation
		Conclusion
		Notes
	41. Corporate Diplomacy
		Introduction
		Corporations as Non-State Actors in Public Diplomacy
		Conceptualizing and Defining Corporate Diplomacy
		How Is Corporate Diplomacy Implemented?
		Global Differences in the Practice of Corporate Diplomacy
		Conclusion
		Notes
	42. Exchanges as Good Propag
		A
Girl Raised in the South
		Striking a
Balance Between the Personal and the Political
		Exchanges as Propaganda Products
		Is It All Propaganda, Anyway?
		Notes
	43. Public Diplomacy and Development Communication: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
		1. Imply an Investment in and Transfer of Tangible or Nontangible
Resources, Including Knowledge, Best Practice, and Physical Items
According to a Theory of Change
		2. Intend to Support, Negotiate, and Agree on Conceptions of
Common Interests or Common Goals for the Public Good
		3. Involve Relationship Building, Engagement, and Collaboration with
Civil Society and Private Boundary-Spanning Actors
		4. Complement and Extend Diplomatic Practice and Objectives
Towards Wider Publics
		5. Seek to Influence Thoughts, Behavior, and Communities Directly
or Indirectly
		Notes
	44. Gay Rights Are Human Rights: LGBTI Equality and US Public Diplomacy
		Notes
	45. The Continuing Promise of the Noosphere and Noopolitik: 20 Years After
		I. The Noosphere: A Concept About the World’s Future Evolution
		II. Noosphere Concept Gaining Ground in Recent Decades
		III. Implications of the Noosphere Concept for Thinking About
Noopolitik
		IV. The Future of Noopolitik (Revisited)
		V. Pessimistic Appraisal of Today’s Turmoil for the Noosphere and
Noopolitik
		VI. New Hope for the Noosphere and Noopolitik: The Global
Commons
		VII. Getting Back on Track Through Noopolitik
		Notes
Select Bibliography
Index