Routledge Handbook of Contemporary North Korea

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
	Figures
	Tables
Notes on Contributors
1 Introduction: understanding North Korea
	Introduction
	Part I The political perspective
	Part II The North Korean economy
	Part III Foreign relations
	Part IV Society
	Part V Culture
	Summing up
Part I
	The political perspective
		2 The evolution of the North Korean socio-political system, 1945–1994
			Introduction
			Introduction: the legacy of the colonial era
			The Soviet occupation and the founding of the DPRK
			The Soviet occupation and the trusteeship issue
			The complexities of national legitimacy and national unification
			State-society conflict before and during the Korean War
			The purge of the “southern faction”: a fatal precedent
			North Korea’s divergence from East European de-Stalinization
			A growing rift within the leadership
			From confrontation to purge
			The creation of the sŏngbun system
			The sŏngbun system: analogies and sources of inspiration
			The initial guerrilla coalition: a precarious equilibrium
			The disintegration of guerrilla solidarity
			From partisan family state to intra-family purge
			From purges to consolidation: the last phase of the Kim Il Sung era
			Conclusion
			Acknowledgments
			Notes
			References
		3 Masters of survival: North Korean leadership in a hostile world
			Kim Jong Il comes to power
			A collapsing economy and the dilemma of reform
			Marketization from below
			The government’s position on marketization from below
			Nuclear weapons as a security guarantee and diplomacy tool
			Kim Jong Un takes office
			Dealing with threats from within: forestalling a palace coup
			Dealing with threats from within: neutralizing the threat of civil rebellion
			Dealing with threats from outside
			Conclusion
			Notes
			References
		4 Political economy and ideology under Kim Jong Un
			Introduction: the inseparability of politics and the economy
			Setting the tone: the annual New Year speeches, 2012–2019
			The regime’s economic self-perception: parliamentary sessions and budget reports
			A deep dive into North Korean society: Kim Jong un’s report to the Seventh Party Congress
			Conclusion: from “military-first” to “all for economic development”
			Notes
			References
Part II
	The North Korean economy
		5 The structural transformation of the North Korean economic planning system
			Introduction
			Material balance planning and the North Korean economy under Kim Il Sung
			Adjusting the North Korean economic planning process
			Foreign trade and the spread of markets
			The Kim Jong Un-era planning reforms
			Conclusion
			Notes
			References
		6 Between the markets and the state: North Korea’s fragile agriculture and food supply
			Introduction
			Historical background
			North Korean food production in the 2000s
			The methodology of measuring food production, and why it matters
			Food as a problem of entitlements
			Agriculture under Kim Jong Un: changes, but to what extent?
			Conclusion
			Notes
			References
		7 North Korea’s interaction with the global economy
			Historical context
			The North Korean way of doing business
			Ramifications for the future
			Notes
			References
Part III
	Foreign relations
		8 “The enemies made this possible”: Sino-North Korean relations after 1948
			Introduction
			Notes
			eferences
		9 Nuclear weapons and North Korean foreign policy
			Atomic undercurrents: drivers, motives and interests
			Nuclear strategy and national goals
			North Korea’s evolving nuclear strategy
			A strategy for political, diplomatic and economic goals
			A catalytic strategy
			Assured retaliation
			Fighting a nuclear war
			Conclusion
			Disclaimer
			Note
			References
		10 North Korea’s nuclear diplomacy
			The characteristics of North Korean diplomacy
			The development of North Korea’s nuclear program
			The North lunges toward nuclear weapons during the Six Party Talks
			The September 2005 Agreement
			Close to agreement in 2008
			The Kim Jong Un era
			Conclusion
			Notes
			References
		11 Revival of an old friendship: contemporary North Korea-Russia relations
			Introduction
			North Korea in Russia’s Asia-Pacific strategy
			North Korean security and the Russian Federation’s interests
			Post-Cold War DPRK-Russia economic relations
			Conclusion
			References
		12 Once more with feeling: the US-DPRK dialogue, 1993–2020
			Introduction
			The past history of US-DPRK negotiation
			The Singapore meeting
			The Hanoi summit
			After Hanoi
			The shape of things to come
			Notes
			References
Part IV
	Society
		13 Human rights and North Korea
			Introduction
			Human rights on a divided peninsula
			Rights and the armistice
			North Korean human rights: the 2014 UN Commission of Inquiry
			History of present-day violations
			Right to food, freedom from hunger: the 1990s famine
			Structural discrimination
			Religious persecution
			Freedom of information
			Freedom of assembly
			Freedom of movement
			Physical integrity violations
			Conclusion
			Notes
			References
		14 The “market value” of people in North Korea
			Introduction
			Changes in North Korea since 1990
			Market value based on social origin and KWP membership
			Expulsion to rural areas
			North Koreans exposed to outside contact
			North Koreans with connections to China, Russia and South Korea
			Other low market value people: women and LGBTQ people
			The disabled
			Some changes in calculating the market value of people in North Korea
			Conclusion
			Notes
			References
		15 Child mass mobilization in North Korea
			Introduction
			Age group and size of child labor workforce in North Korea
			UN criticism of child mobilization and North Korea’s response
			Conclusion
			Notes
			References
		16 The North Korean Diaspora
			Introduction
			Describing contemporary North Korean migration and resettlement
			Factors that shape North Korean migration and resettlement
			A North Korean diaspora?
			Regime calculations and diasporic politics: implications for North Korea and the world
			Conclusion
			Acknowledgments
			Notes
			References
Part V
	Culture
		17 The evolution of cultural policy and practice in North Korea, seen through the journal Chosŏn ŭmak [Korean Music]
			Introduction
			Chosŏn ŭmak, the journal
			The times were a’changing: Juche and Chollima
			Composers and crafting compositions
			Squaring circles: traditional music becomes national music
			Conclusion
			Notes
			References
		18 Love of the lover, love of the Leader: youth romance in North Korean fiction
			Studying at Kim Il Sung University: a personal note
			Loving the model worker: themes of youth romance in early period North Korean fiction
			The 1980s and the flawed revolutionary in North Korean fiction: political context
			A triptych of three exemplary North Korean novels of the 1980s
			Conclusion
			Notes
			References
		19 Mass culture in the Kim Jong Un era: continuities and changes
			Like father like son: rejuvenation after Kim Jong Il
			Old topics, new ways
			The Leader at the center
			Fatherly Leader to the nation’s children
			The Leader as a driving force for spring
			Rationalization of Kim Jong Un’s unusual leadership style
			Conclusion
			References
Index