Routledge Handbook of Autocratization in South Asia

Cover
Endorsement
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Illustrations
Contributors
Foreword
Introduction: Autocratization in South Asia
	1 Autocratization in South Asia
		Regime Types and Autocratization
		Autocratization in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka
			India
			Pakistan
			Bangladesh
			Sri Lanka
			Autocratization in South Asia in a Comparative Perspective
		Bibliography
Part I India: Building an Ethnic State?
	2 Neo-Authoritarianism in India Under Narendra Modi: Growing Force Or Critical Discourse?
		Neo-authoritarianism
		Chief Minister Modi
		Prime Minister Modi
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	3 Prefiguring Alternatives to Autocratization: Democratic Dissent in Contemporary India
		I. Linking Secular and Religious Ideals
		II. Prefigurative Movements
		III. Women’s Activism
		IV. Challenges to Neoliberalism and Democratic Erosion
		V. Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	4 Autocratization in Kashmir
		Background
		The Delhi Agreement and After
		Crucial Choices and Their Consequences
		The Onset of the Insurgency
		The Evolution of the Insurgency and Beyond
		The End of Article 370 and Its Aftermath
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	5 Re-Positing Gender in the New Nationalist Paradigm
		Obscuring the Local
		Shrinking Space of Local Governments
		The Covid-19 Pandemic
		Conclusion
		Glossary
		Bibliography
	6 Autocratic Environmental Governance in India
		Introduction
		A Brief History of Environmental Governance in India
		Modi’s New Clearance Raj
		Forests
		Land
		Under Cover of Covid
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	7 Living Dangerously: The Heartland Heralds the New Communal-Authoritarian Model of Indian Democracy
		Communal-authoritarian Regime
		Citizenship Amendment Act
		Vilifying Protests
		Citizenship Protests and Regime Response
		Divisive Calculations and Democratic Backsliding
		Bibliography
	8 Hindu Nationalist Statecraft and Modi’s Authoritarian Populism
		The BJP From Ayodhya to Modi
		The Emergence of Modi’s Authoritarian Populism
		The Politics of Hindu Nationalist Statecraft
		Concluding Remarks
		Glossary
		Bibliography
	9 India’s Inexorable Path to Autocratization: Looking Beyond Modi and the Populist Lens
		Introduction
		Understanding the Trajectory of Autocratization in India Through the Civil Society Lens
		Karnataka: an Empirical Case Study
			Service Provision in Urban Slums
			Modern-age Shakhas for Young IT Professionals
		Concluding Thoughts
		Bibliography
	10 The Social Roots of the Authoritarian Turn in India
		Introduction
		The Authoritarian Turn in India
		Indian Authoritarianism in Global Context
		From Restricted Democracy to Democratic Deepening
		The Reaction
		Explaining the Reaction
		So What’s Globalization Got to Do With It?
		Democratic Resilience
		Bibliography
	11 From Hindu Rashtra to Hindu Raj? A De Facto Or a De Jure Ethnic Democracy?
		A De Facto Ethnic Democracy Or the Rise of Hindu Vigilantism (2014–2019)
		Towards a De Jure Ethnic Democracy, Or the Triumph of State Vigilantism (2019–)
		Conclusion
		Nota Bene
		Bibliography
Part II Pakistan: The Decline of Civil Liberties
	12 Pakistan’s Hybrid Regime: Growing Democratization, Or Increased Authoritarianism?
		The Historical Context
		The Media
		The Judiciary
		Freedom of Association
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	13 Religious Clientelism and Democratic Choice: Clients of God
		Introduction
		Delineating Religious Clientelism
		Hindering Self-Determination?
			Voting as a Religious Duty
			No Exit?
			Social Sanctioning
		Discussion and Conclusion
		Bibliography
	14 Digital Autocratization of Pakistan
		Introduction
		Laws Regarding Cyber Space in Pakistan
		Digital Freedoms and Restrictions in Practice
			The Ahmadis
			The Persecution of Ahmadis in the Digital Sphere
			The Tehreek E Labbaik (TLP)
			Study Methodology
				Main Findings in the Social Network Analysis
				TLP’s Account Opening Pattern
			Qualitative Analysis
			Modus Operandi of TLP
				Everything Is Blasphemy
				Creating False Analogies: Paving the Way for Blasphemy Accusations
				Maintaining a Unique Identity
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	15 A Supreme Court Or a Constitutional Jirga?
		The Panama Case and Electoral Engineering
		Extension of Army Chief’s Tenure and Parliamentary Complicity
		Judicial Accountability and a Fractured Supreme Court
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	16 Autocratization and Religious Minorities in Pakistan
		Minorities in Pakistan – the Legal Definition
		Formative Years and Minority Rights
		Muhammad Ayub Khan’s Era – Associating Minorities With Enemies
		Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s Democracy – Legalizing Exclusion
		Muhammad Zia Ul-Haq’s Islamization – Patronizing Violence
		The Fragile Democracy of the 1990s
		Pervez Musharraf’s Enlightened Moderation
		2008–2018: Violence Against Minorities By Non-State Actors and the State’s Response
		Recent Developments Relating to Discrimination and the Situation for Minorities
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	17 CPEC, Governance, and China’s Belt and Road in South Asia: The Path of Most Resistance?
		Introduction: CPEC and China’s South Asian Strategies
		The Inception, and Uneven Trajectory, of the BRI in South Asia
		The Fundamentals of CPEC and Pakistan’s Responses
		CPEC Next: Making the Most of an Uncertain Future?
		Note
		Bibliography
Part III Bangladesh: Towards One-Party Rule
	18 Bangladesh: In Pursuit of a One-Party State?
		One-party States: the Nature and Scope
		Bangladesh: Erosion of Democracy
		Four Steps Towards a De Facto One-Party State
		Authoritarianism in the Wake of Covid-19
		Situating Bangladesh in the Global Trend
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	19 The Decline of Democratic Governance: Protests at the Phulbari and Rampal Coal Mine
		Introduction
		Eclipsing Democracy and the Rise of Autocratic Rule
		Aspiring Economic Growth and Inclusion in the Global Economy
		Neoliberalism Or Democracy: a Contradictory Relation?
		The Energy Sector
		Conclusion
		Note
		Bibliography
	20 Disaster Governance and Autocratic Legitimation in Bangladesh: Aiding Autocratization?
		Introduction
		Concepts and Context: the Risk-Creating Politics of Disaster Governance in Bangladesh
			Disasters, Risks and Responses
			Domestic Disaster Politics
			Foreign Influence
			Interactions Through Which Disaster Governance Can Aid Autocratization
		Disaster Governance and Autocratic Legitimation in Practice
			Fifty Years of Fighting Cyclones: Power Concentration and Seizure of Simplified Success
			The 2017 Rohingya Refugee Crises: Maximizing Humanitarian Performance
			The Covid-19 Pandemic: ‘Responsible’ Repression in the Time of Corona
		Leaving Democracy Behind?
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	21 Islamist Extremism in Bangladesh: A Pretext for Autocratization
		Introduction
		The Democratic Backsliding in Bangladesh
		ICT Act 2006 and Violent Islamist Extremism in Bangladesh
		The Digital Security Act 2018
		From Countering Violent Extremists to Suppressing Regime Opponents
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	22 Sheikh Hasina of Bangladesh: The Making of a Strongman Regime
		Introduction: What Is a ‘Strongman’?
		Constitutional Tweaking and Building a Coalition
		Family and Exceptionality
		Violence and the Law
		The Strongman Leader
		Conclusion
		Note
		Bibliography
	23 Local Government Institutions Under Authoritarian Rule in Bangladesh
		Adoption of the Constitution and Taming of Local Democracy
		Interference in the LGIs
		Elimination of the Opposition at the Local Level
		Elections On an Uneven Playing Field
		Monopolization of the LGIs
		Two Major Problems to Tackle in Order to Make Local Democracy Work
		A Future to Look Forward To?
		Glossary
		Bibliography
Part IV Sri Lanka: The Resilience of the Ethnic State
	24 Ethnoreligious Nationalism and Autocratization in Sri Lanka
		Ethnonationalism and Democratic Regression
			Autocratization Under Mahinda Rajapaksa
			Autocratization Under Gotabaya Rajapaksa
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	25 Autocratization, Buddhist Nationalist Extremism and the Muslim Minority in Sri Lanka
		Autocratization and Buddhist Extremism: Conjoined Twins
		Easter Sunday Attacks – the Aftermath
		Forced Cremation of Covid-19 Dead
		The Muslim Response
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	26 Global Worker Protests and Tools of Autocratization in Sri Lanka: Rendering Them Silent
		Autocratization and Means of Suppressing Discontent
		Researching Gendered Protests and Responses
		Protests, Suppressions, and Silences
			“Don’t Kill Our Dowry”
			We Are Still Silent
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	27 Militarization and Impunity in Sri Lanka
		A New Role for the Armed Forces
		Militarization and Disappearances
		Impunity and Alliances
		Concluding Discussion
		Bibliography
Part V How to Comprehend Autocratization in South Asia: Three Broad Perspectives
	28 Autocratization and Regime Convergence in South Asia – An Undetermined Path
		Authoritarian Regime Convergence in South Asia
		What Can Reverse Autocratization in South Asia?
		Bibliography
	29 Gravitational Pull of Authoritarian China in South Asia?
		Autocracy Diffusion and Promotion
		Authoritarian Policy Transfer/learning From China
		Diluting Democracy and Redefining Human Rights
		China in South Asia
		Concluding Remarks
		Bibliography
	30 AutocratiZation as an Ideological Project: Carl Schmitt’s Anti-Liberalism in South Asia
		Carl Schmitt as a Theoretician of Autocratization
			Sovereign Power
			Rule of Law
			Friend/Enemy
			Democracy
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
Index