Routing TCP ccie professional development volume 2

Introduction xxi Chapter 1 Inter-Domain Routing Concepts 1 Early Inter-Domain Routing: The Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) 1 Origins of EGP 2 Operation of EGP 3  EGP Topology Issues 3  EGP Functions 5  Neighbor Acquisition Protocol 6  Neighbor Reachability Protocol 8  Network Reachability Protocol 10 Shortcomings of EGP 15 The Advent of BGP 16 BGP Basics 17 Autonomous System Types 21 External and Internal BGP 22 Multihoming 29 Transit AS Multihoming 30 Stub AS Multihoming 31 Multihoming and Routing Policies 36 Multihoming Issues: Load Sharing and Load Balancing 36 Multihoming Issues: Traffic Control 37 Multihoming Issues: Provider-Assigned Addressing 40 Classless Inter-Domain Routing 41 A Summarization Summary 41 Classless Routing 43 Summarization: The Good, the Bad, and the Asymmetric 47 CIDR: Reducing Class B Address Space Depletion 50 CIDR: Reducing Routing Table Explosion 50 Managing and Assigning IPv4 Address Blocks 54 CIDR Issues: Multihoming and Provider-Assigned Addresses 56 CIDR Issues: Address Portability 58 CIDR Issues: Provider-Independent Addresses 59 CIDR Issues: Traffic Engineering 60 CIDR Approaches Its Limits 62 IPv6 Comes of Age 66 Routing Table Explosion, Again 66 Looking Ahead 68 Review Questions 69 Chapter 2 Introduction to BGP 71 Who Needs BGP? 71 Connecting to Untrusted Domains 71 Connecting to Multiple External Neighbors 74 Setting Routing Policy 79 BGP Hazards 82 Operation of BGP 84 BGP Message Types 85  Open Message 85  Keepalive Message 86  Update Message 86  Notification Message 87 BGP Finite State Machine 87  Idle State 88  Connect State 89  Active State 89  OpenSent State 89  OpenConfirm State 90  Established State 90 Path Attributes 90  ORIGIN Attribute 92  AS_PATH Attribute 92  NEXT_HOP Attribute 97  Weight 100 BGP Decision Process 100 BGP Message Formats 103 Open Message 104 Update Message 105 Keepalive Message 108 Notification Message 108 Configuring and Troubleshooting BGP Peering 110 Case Study: EBGP Peering 110 Case Study: EBGP Peering over IPv6 114 Case Study: IBGP Peering 118 Case Study: Connected Check and EBGP Multihop 127 Case Study: Managing and Securing BGP Connections 136 Looking Ahead 142 Review Questions 143 Configuration Exercises 144 Troubleshooting Exercises 145 Chapter 3 BGP and NLRI 155 Configuring and Troubleshooting NLRI in BGP 155 Injecting Prefixes with the network Statement 156 Using the network mask Statement 160 Injecting Prefixes with Redistribution 162 NLRI and IBGP 167 Managing Prefixes in an IBGP Topology 168 IBGP and IGP Synchronization 179 Advertising BGP NLRI into the Local AS 182 Redistributing BGP NLRI into the IGP 182 Case Study: Distributing NLRI in a Stub AS with IBGP 184 Distributing NLRI in a Stub AS with Static Routes 193 Advertising a Default Route to a Neighboring AS 196 Advertising Aggregate Routes with BGP 198 Case Study: Aggregation Using Static Routes 199 Aggregation Using the aggregate-address Statement 201 ATOMIC_AGGREGATE and AGGREGATOR Attributes 207 Using AS_SET with Aggregates 210 Looking Ahead 218 Review Questions 218 Configuration Exercises 219 Troubleshooting Exercises 223 Chapter 4 BGP and Routing Policies 237 Policy and the BGP Database 238 IOS BGP Implementation 249 InQ and OutQ 249 IOS BGP Processes 251 NHT, Event, and the Open Processes 256 Table Versions 258 Managing Policy Changes 267 Clearing BGP Sessions 268 Soft Reconfiguraton 269 Route Refresh 274 Route Filtering Techniques 279 Filtering Routes by NLRI 280 Case Study: Using Distribute Lists 280 Route Filtering with Extended ACLs 292 Case Study: Using Prefix Lists 293 Filtering Routes by AS_PATH 304 Regular Expressions 304  Literals and Metacharacters 305  Delineation: Matching the Start and End of Lines 306  Bracketing: Matching a Set of Characters 306  Negating: Matching Everything Except a Set of Characters 306  Wildcard: Matching Any Single Character 307  Alternation: Matching One of a Set of Characters 307  Optional Characters: Matching a Character That May or May Not Be There 307  Repetition: Matching a Number of Repeating Characters 307  Boundaries: Delineating Literals 308  Putting It All Together: A Complex Example 308 Case Study: Using AS-Path Filters 309 Case Study: Setting Policy with Route Maps 314 Filter Processing 322 Influencing the BGP Decision Process 323 Case Study: Administrative Weights 325 Case Study: Using the LOCAL_PREF Attribute 334 Case Study: Using the MULTI_EXIT_DISC Attribute 343 Case Study: Prepending the AS_PATH 366 Case Study: Administrative Distances and Backdoor Routes 372 Controlling Complex Route Maps 379 Continue Clauses 380 Policy Lists 383 Looking Ahead 386 Review Questions 386 Configuration Exercises 388 Troubleshooting Exercises 392 Chapter 5 Scaling BGP 401 Scaling the Configuration 402 Peer Groups 403 Peer Templates 413  Session Templates 414  Policy Templates 419 Communities 425  Well-Known Communities 426  Arbitrary Communities 434  Using the AA:NN Format 443  Expanded Community Lists 445  Adding and Deleting Communities 460  Extended Community Lists 472 Scaling BGP Functions 478 Route Flap Dampening 479 Outbound Route Filters (ORF) 486 Next-Hop Tracking 496 Fast External Fallover 509 Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) 512 BGP Prefix Independent Convergence (PIC) 523  ADD-PATHS Capability 528 Graceful Restart 538 Maximum Prefixes 540 Tuning BGP CPU 552 Tuning BGP Memory 556 BGP Transport Optimization 563  Optimizing TCP 563  Optimizing BGP Update Generation 568  Optimizing TCP ACK Message Receipt 568 Scaling the BGP Network 569 Private AS Numbers 569 4-Byte AS Numbers 574 IBGP and the N-Squared Problem 575 Confederations 576 Route Reflectors 592 Looking Ahead 606 Review Questions 607 Configuration Exercises 608 Troubleshooting Exercises 612 Chapter 6 Multiprotocol BGP 615 Multiprotocol Extensions to BGP 616 MBGP Support for the IPv6 Address Family 618 Configuring MBGP for IPv6 619 IPv4 and IPv6 Prefixes over an IPv4 TCP Session 620 Upgrading IPv4 BGP Configurations to the Address Family Format 629 IPv4 and IPv6 over an IPv6 TCP Connection 631 Dual Stack MBGP Connection 642 Multihop Dual Stack MBGP Connection 647 Mixed IPv4 and IPv6 Sessions 650 Multiprotocol IBGP 654 Case Study: Multiprotocol Policy Configuration 666 Looking Ahead 705 Review Questions 705 Configuration Exercises 706 Question 1: 707 Troubleshooting Exercises 709 Chapter 7 Introduction to IP Multicast Routing 713 Requirements for IP Multicast 716 IPv4 Multicast Addresses 717 IPv6 Multicast Addresses 721 Group Membership Concepts 724  Joining and Leaving a Group 726  Join Latency 726  Leave Latency 727  Group Maintenance 728  Multiple Routers on a Network 728 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 729  IGMPv2 Host Functions 730  IGMPv2 Router Functions 731  IGMPv1 733  IGMPv3 735  IGMP Message Format 736 Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) 742 IGMP/MLD Snooping 745 Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP) 749 Multicast Routing Issues 753 Multicast Forwarding 754 Multicast Routing 756 Sparse Versus Dense Topologies 757 Implicit Joins Versus Explicit Joins 758 Source-Based Trees Versus Shared Trees 760 Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) 761 Multicast Scoping 763  TTL Scoping 763  Administrative Scoping 765 Looking Ahead 766 Recommended Reading 766 Review Questions 766 Configuration Exercises 768 Chapter 8 Protocol Independent Multicast 771 Introduction to Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) 771 Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode (PIM-DM) 773 PIM-DM Basics 773 Prune Overrides 779 Unicast Route Changes 782 PIM-DM Designated Routers 782 PIM Forwarder Election 782 Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) 785 PIM-SM Basics 786 Finding the Rendezvous Point 787  Bootstrap Protocol 787  Auto-RP Protocol 789  Embedded RP Addresses 790 PIM-SM and Shared Trees 793 Source Registration 796 PIM-SM and Shortest Path Trees 803 PIMv2 Message Formats 808  PIMv2 Message Header Format 809  PIMv2 Hello Message Format 810  PIMv2 Register Message Format 811  PIMv2 Register Stop Message Format 812  PIMv2 Join/Prune Message Format 812  PIMv2 Bootstrap Message Format 814  PIMv2 Assert Message Format 815  PIMv2 Graft Message Format 816  PIMv2 Graft-Ack Message Format 816  Candidate-RP-Advertisement Message Format 817 Configuring IP Multicast Routing 817 Case Study: Configuring Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode (PIM-DM) 819 Configuring Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) 828  Case Study: Statically Configuring the RP 829  Case Study: Configuring Auto-RP 837  Case Study: Configuring Sparse-Dense Mode 845  Case Study: Configuring the Bootstrap Protocol 849 Case Study: Multicast Load Sharing 856 Troubleshooting IP Multicast Routing 863 Using mrinfo 865 Using mtrace and mstat 867 Looking Ahead 872 Recommended Reading 872 Review Questions 873 Configuration Exercises 873 Troubleshooting Exercises 876 Chapter 9 Scaling IP Multicast Routing 881 Multicast Scoping 881 Case Study: Multicasting Across Non-Multicast Domains 885 Connecting to DVMRP Networks 888 Inter-AS Multicasting 891 Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP (MBGP) 894 Operation of Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) 896 MSDP Message Formats 898  Source Active TLV 898  Source Active Request TLV 899  Source Active Response TLV 900  Keepalive TLV 900  Notification TLV 900 Case Study: Configuring MBGP 902 Case Study: Configuring MSDP 908 Case Study: MSDP Mesh Groups 913 Case Study: Anycast RP 917 Case Study: MSDP Default Peers 923 Looking Ahead 926 Review Questions 926 Configuration Exercise 927 Chapter 10 IPv4 to IPv4 Network Address Translation (NAT44) 931 Operation of NAT44 932 Basic NAT Concepts 932 NAT and IP Address Conservation 934 NAT and ISP Migration 937 NAT and Multihomed Autonomous Systems 938 Port Address Translation (PAT) 940 NAT and TCP Load Distribution 942 NAT and Virtual Servers 944 NAT Issues 944 Header Checksums 945 Fragmentation 945 Encryption 945 Security 946 Protocol-Specific Issues 946  ICMP 947  DNS 948  FTP 951  SMTP 953  SNMP 953  Routing Protocols 953  Traceroute 953 Configuring NAT44 955 Case Study: Static NAT 955 NAT44 and DNS 962 Case Study: Dynamic NAT 964 Case Study: A Network Merger 969 Case Study: ISP Multihoming with NAT 975 Port Address Translation 980 Case Study: TCP Load Balancing 982 Case Study: Service Distribution 984 Troubleshooting NAT44 986 Looking Ahead 988 Review Questions 989 Configuration Exercises 989 Troubleshooting Exercises 991 Chapter 11 IPv6 to IPv4 Network Address Translation (NAT64) 995 Stateless IP/ICMP Translation (SIIT) 997 IPv4/IPv6 Header Translation 999 ICMP/ICMPv6 Translation 1002 Fragmentation and PMTU 1005 Upper-Layer Header Translation 1006 Network Address Translation with Port Translation (NAT-PT) 1007 Operation of NAT-PT 1008 Configuring NAT-PT 1010 Why Is NAT-PT Obsolete? 1029 Stateless NAT64 1031 Operation of Stateless NAT64 1031 Configuration of Stateless NAT64 1036 Limitations of NAT64 1038 Stateful NAT64 1038 Operation of Stateful NAT64 1038 Configuration of Stateful NAT64 1041 Limitations of Stateful NAT64 1043 Looking Ahead 1043 Review Questions 1044 Configuration Exercise 1044 Configuration Exercise Premise 1045 Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 1047 Appendix B (online) Answers to Configuration Exercises Appendix C (online) Answers to Troubleshooting Exercises   9781587054709   TOC   8/4/2016