Rosai and Ackerman’s Surgical Pathology

Copyright Page
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Preface to the First Edition
1 Introduction
	Lauren V. Ackerman, MD
	Juan Rosai, MD
	Bibliography
2 Dermatoses
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Introduction to Dermatopathology
	Normal Anatomy
	Inflammatory Dermatoses
	Inflammatory Dermatoses With Epidermal Change
		Spongiotic Dermatitis
			Allergic Contact Dermatitis
			Nummular Dermatitis
			Atopic Dermatitis
			Dyshidrotic Eczema
			Eczematous Drug Reactions
			Summary
		Stasis Dermatitis
		Psoriasiform Dermatitis
			Psoriasis
			Lichen Simplex Chronicus and Prurigo Nodularis
		Interface Dermatitis
			Interface Dermatitis With Perivascular Pattern
				Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and Toxic Epidermal Necrosis
			Graft-Versus-Host Disease
			Lupus Erythematosus
			Dermatomyositis
			Interface Dermatitis With Lichenoid Pattern
				Lichen Planus
				Lichenoid Drug Eruption
				Fixed Drug Eruption
				Pityriasis Lichenoides
	Inflammatory Dermatoses With Dermal but Not Epidermal Change
		Perivascular Dermatoses
			Dermal Hypersensitivity Reactions
			Vasculitis
			Pigmented Purpuric Dermatosis
			Perniosis/Chilblains
			Malignant Atrophic Papulosis (Degos Disease)
			Atrophie Blanche
			Calciphylaxis
			Mastocytosis
		Nodular and Diffuse Dermatoses
			Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis (Sweet Syndrome)
			B-Cutaneous Lymphoid Hyperplasia
			Granuloma Faciale
			Sarcoidosis
		Palisading Granulomatous Disease
			Granuloma Annulare
			Necrobiosis Lipoidica
	Sclerosing Disorders
		Scleroderma/Morphea
		Eosinophilic Fasciitis
		Lichen Sclerosus
	Panniculitis
		Erythema Nodosum
		Nodular Vasculitis/Erythema Induratum
		Lipodermatosclerosis
	Vesiculobullous Diseases
		Subepidermal Bullous Disease
			Bullous Pemphigoid
			Cicatricial Pemphigoid (Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid)
			Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
			Dermatitis Herpetiformis
		Intraepidermal Bullous Disease
			Pemphigus
	Infections
		Viral Diseases
			Warts
			Molluscum Contagiosum
			Herpes Virus
		Bacterial Diseases
			Folliculitis
			Hidradenitis Suppurativa
			Tuberculosis and Atypical Mycobacteriosis
			Leprosy
			Syphilis
			Lyme Disease
		Fungal Diseases
			Tinea (Dermatophytoses)
			North American Blastomycosis
			Chromoblastomycosis
	Miscellaneous Disorders
		Foreign Body Reaction
		Pyoderma Gangrenosum
		Elastosis Perforans
		Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
		Cutaneous Mucinosis
		Acanthosis Nigricans
		Darier Disease
		Dermatoses in HIV-Infected Patients
	References
3 Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of the Skin
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Epidermis
		Seborrheic Keratosis
		Benign Lichenoid Keratosis
		Acrochordon
		Actinic Keratosis
		Cutaneous Horn
		Bowen Disease
	Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		General Features
		Microscopic Features
		Immunohistochemical and Molecular Genetic Features
		Other Microscopic Types
		Treatment
		Prognosis
	Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia
	Basal Cell Carcinoma
		General Features
		Microscopic Features
		Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Features
		Molecular Genetic Features
		Other Microscopic Types
		Spread and Metastases
		Treatment
	Skin Adnexa
		Eccrine Sweat Glands
			Eccrine Poroma
			Hidradenoma
			Syringoma
			Mixed Tumor (Chondroid Syringoma) and Myoepithelioma
			Cylindroma
			Spiradenoma
			Syringocystadenoma Papilliferum
			Papillary Eccrine Adenoma
			Digital Papillary Adenocarcinoma
			Clear Cell Acanthoma and Other “Acanthomas”
			Intraepidermal Epithelioma
			Sweat Gland Carcinoma
			Extramammary Paget Disease
		Apocrine Glands
		Sebaceous Glands
			Sebaceous Hyperplasia
			Nevus Sebaceus of Jadassohn and Epidermal Nevus
			Sebaceous Adenoma
			Sebaceous Carcinoma
		Hair Follicles
			Inverted Follicular Keratosis
			Trichoepithelioma
			Trichoblastoma
			Trichilemmoma
			Trichofolliculoma
			Keratoacanthoma
			Keratinous Cyst
			Other Cutaneous Cysts
			Warty Dyskeratoma
			Proliferating Pilar Tumor (Proliferating Trichilemmal Cyst)
			Pilomatrixoma
			Nails
	Melanocytes
		Nevi
			Junctional, Intradermal, and Compound Nevi
			Blue Nevi and Related Lesions
			Spitz Nevus and Related Melanocytic Tumors
			Congenital Nevus
			Active, Dysplastic, and Atypical Nevi
			Other Nevi
			Treatment
		Malignant Melanoma
			General Features
			Clinical Appearance and Major Clinicopathologic Types
			Microscopic Features and Other Melanoma Types
			Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Features
			Electron Microscopic Features
			Molecular Genetic Features
			Biopsy and Frozen Section
			Regression
			Atypical In Situ Melanocytic Lesions
			Spread and Metastases
			Sentinel Lymph Node
			Treatment
			Prognosis
			Other Pigmented Skin Lesions
	Neuroendocrine Cells
		Merkel Cell Carcinoma
		Other Neuroendocrine Tumors
	Dermis
		Fibroblastic Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Fibrohistiocytic Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
			Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma
			Atypical Fibroxanthoma
			Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
			Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma (Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma) and Pleomorphic Dermal Sarcoma
			Xanthoma
			Xanthogranuloma
			Other Histiocytic Proliferations
		Smooth Muscle Tumors
		Skeletal Muscle Tumors
		Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
	Vascular Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Hemangioma
		Lymphangioma
		Pyogenic Granuloma
		Acquired Tufted Angioma
		Masson Hemangioma
		Epithelioid Hemangioma
		Kaposi Sarcoma
		Bacillary Angiomatosis and Verruga Peruana
		Angiosarcoma
	Lymphoid Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Cutaneous Lymphoid Hyperplasia
			Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone Lymphoma
			Primary Cutaneous Follicle Center Lymphoma
		Mycosis Fungoides and Related Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas
		Lymph Nodes in Mycosis Fungoides
		Lymphomatoid Papulosis and Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
		Other Malignant Lymphomas
		Leukemia
	Other Primary Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
	Metastatic Tumors
	References
4 Upper Aerodigestive Tract
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
		Normal Anatomy
		Congenital Abnormalities
		Inflammatory Diseases
		Other Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of Surface Epithelium
			Intraepithelial Squamoproliferative Lesions
			Oral/Oropharyngeal Lesions and Human Papilloma Virus
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				General Features
				Location
				Microscopic Features
				Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Features
				Molecular Genetic Features
				Biopsy, Cytology, and Frozen Section
				Spread and Metastases
				Treatment
				Prognosis
			Verrucous Carcinoma
			Other Microscopic Types
		Tumors and Other Lesions of Minor Salivary Glands
		Tumors of Odontogenic Epithelium
		Tumors of Melanocytes
		Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of Lymphoid Tissue
		Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
	Respiratory Tract
		Normal Anatomy
		Inflammatory (Including “Allergic”) Polyp
		Other Inflammatory Lesions
		Tumors
			Sinonasal (Schneiderian) Papilloma
			Sinonasal Carcinoma
				General Features
				Location and Spread
				Microscopic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
				General Features
				Gross Features
				Microscopic Features
				Immunohistochemical Features
				Electron Microscopic Features
				Molecular Genetic Features
				Staging and Grading
				Spread and Metastases
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Salivary Gland Tumors
			Neurogenous and Related Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
			Tumors of Melanocytes
			Lymphoid Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
			Angiofibroma (Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma)
			Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
	Larynx
		Normal Anatomy
		Cysts and Laryngocele
		Inflammation
		Vocal Cord Nodule and Contact Ulcer
		Other Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
			Papilloma and Papillomatosis
			Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
			Invasive Carcinoma
				General Features
				Types, Spread, and Therapy
				Pathologic Features
				Molecular Genetic Features
				Other Microscopic Types
				Prognosis
			Salivary Gland–Type Tumors
			Neuroendocrine Tumors
			Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
	Trachea
		Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Tumors
	References
5 Mandible and Maxilla
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy
	Inflammatory Diseases
	Simple Bone Cyst
	Central Giant Cell Lesion and Other Giant Cell-Containing Lesions
	Benign Fibro-Osseous Lesions
		Fibrous Dysplasia and Related Lesions
		Osseous Dysplasias (Cementoma) and Related Lesions
	Epithelial Cysts
	Odontogenic Tumors
		Benign Odontogenic Tumors
			Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor (Adenoameloblastoma)
			Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor
			Squamous Odontogenic Tumor
			Ameloblastic Fibroma
			Odontoma
			Odontoameloblastoma
			Odontogenic Myxoma, Myxofibroma, and Fibroma
		Borderline Odontogenic Tumors
			Ameloblastoma
				General and Clinical Features
				Morphologic Features
				Immunohistochemical and Molecular Genetic Features
				Spread and Metastasis
				Differential Diagnosis
		Malignant Odontogenic Tumors
			Ameloblastic Carcinoma
			Odontogenic Carcinoma
			Ameloblastic Fibrosarcoma
	Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
	Diseases of the Temporomandibular Joint
	References
6 Major and Minor Salivary Glands
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy
	Heterotopia
	Sialolithiasis
	Sialadenitis
	Benign Lymphoepithelial Cysts and HIV-Related Lesions
	Lymphoepithelial Sialadenitis (Mikulicz Disease) and Sjögren Syndrome
	Irradiation Effect
	Other Non-Neoplastic Lesions
	Epithelial Tumors
		Classification
		Tumors With Stromal Metaplasia
			Pleomorphic Adenoma (Benign Mixed Tumor)
			Malignant Mixed Tumor
		Tumors With Oncocytic (Oxyphilic) Change
			Oncocytic Adenoma and Oncocytic Carcinoma
			Warthin Tumor
		“Monomorphic” Adenoma
			Basal Cell Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma
			Canalicular Adenoma
		Tumors With Sebaceous Differentiation
		Tumors With Myoepithelial Differentiation
		Tumors With Clear Cell Change
		Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
		Acinic Cell Carcinoma and Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma
		Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
		Salivary Duct Tumors
		Polymorphous Low-Grade Adenocarcinoma
		Cystadenocarcinoma (Papillary Cystadenocarcinoma)
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Small Cell Carcinoma and Other Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
		Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma
		Other Primary Carcinomas
	Malignant Lymphoma
	Other Primary Tumors
	Metastatic Tumors
	General Features of Salivary Gland Tumors
		Relative Incidence and Malignancy
		Clinical Diagnosis
		Staging
		Biopsy and Cytology
		Frozen Section
		Treatment
		Prognosis
	References
7 Ear
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Introduction
	Normal Anatomy
	Diseases of External Ear
		Non-Neoplastic Disorders
		Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
			Keratotic Lesions
			Basal Cell Carcinoma
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Adnexal Tumors
			Melanocytic Tumors
			Other Tumors
	Diseases of Middle and Inner Ear
		Non-Neoplastic Disorders
		Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
			Paraganglioma
			Meningioma
			Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)
			Middle Ear Adenoma (Carcinoid Tumor, Neuroendocrine Adenoma)
			Endolymphatic Sac Tumor (Aggressive Papillary Middle Ear Tumor, Heffner Tumor)
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Rhabdomyosarcoma
			Other Primary Tumors
			Metastatic Tumors
	References
8 Thyroid Gland
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy and Thyroid Gland Development
	Congenital Abnormalities
	Thyroiditis
		Acute Thyroiditis
		Granulomatous (de Quervain) Thyroiditis
		Other Granulomatous Inflammations
		Autoimmune (Lymphocytic and Hashimoto) Thyroiditis
		Riedel Thyroiditis
		Multifocal Fibrosing Thyroiditis
	Hyperplasia
		Dyshormonogenetic Goiter
		Graves Disease (Diffuse Toxic Goiter)
		Nodular Hyperplasia
	Tumors
		Epithelial Tumors—Specific Types
			Follicular Adenoma
			Hyalinizing Trabecular Tumor and Related Lesions
			Papillary Carcinoma
				General Features
				Gross Features
				Microscopic Features
				Electron Microscopic Features
				Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Features
				Molecular Genetic Features
				Variants
					Papillary Microcarcinoma.
					Encapsulated Variant.
					Follicular Variant.
						Infiltrative Follicular Variant Papillary Carcinoma.
						Encapsulated Follicular Variant and Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm With Papillary-Like Nuclear Features.
						Solid Variant.
						Macrofollicular Variant.
					Diffuse Sclerosing Variant.
					Oncocytic (Oxyphilic, Warthin-Like) Variant.
					Tall Cell Carcinoma.
					Columnar Cell Carcinoma.
					Cribriform–Morular Variant.
					Hobnail Variant.
					Papillary Carcinoma With Exuberant Fibromatosis/Fascitis-Like Stroma.
				Spread and Metastases
				Treatment
				Prognosis
			Follicular Carcinoma
				Generalities and Molecular Genetic Features
				Follicular Carcinoma Subtypes
					Encapsulated Follicular Carcinoma (Minimally Invasive and Encapsulated Angioinvasive).
					Widely Invasive Follicular Carcinoma.
				Spread, Metastases, and Prognosis
			Hürthle Cell (Oncocytic) Tumors
				The Oncocyte
				Clinicopathologic Features
			Clear Cell Tumors
			Squamous Cell, Mucinous, and Related Tumors
			Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma
			Anaplastic (Undifferentiated) Carcinoma
			Medullary Carcinoma and Related Neuroendocrine Lesions
				Medullary Carcinoma
					Morphologic Features.
					Cytologic Features.
					Electron Microscopic, Histochemical, and Immunohistochemical Features.
					Genetics, Hereditary Medullary Carcinoma, and C-cell Hyperplasia.
					Spread and Metastases.
					Treatment and Prognosis.
				Other Neuroendocrine Tumors
		Epithelial Tumors—General Features
			Geographic Distribution
			Thyroid Neoplasia in Childhood
			Thyroid Neoplasia and Radiation Exposure
			Familial Incidence and Association With Other Conditions
			Evaluation of the Solitary Thyroid Nodule
			Core Needle Biopsy and Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA)
			Molecular Testing of Fine-Needle Aspiration Specimens
			Frozen Section
			Presence of Thyroid Tissue Outside Gland
			Treatment
			Prognosis
		Lymphoid Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Mesenchymal Tumors
		Other Primary Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Metastatic Tumors
	References
9 Parathyroid Glands
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Gross Anatomy and Embryology
	Normal Histology
	Normal Physiology
	Adenoma
		Generalities and Gross Features
		Microscopic Features
		Immunohistochemical Features
		Molecular Genetic Features
		Adenoma Variants
	Chief Cell Hyperplasia
	Water-Clear Cell Hyperplasia
	Carcinoma
		Prognosis
	Other Lesions
	Hyperparathyroidism
		Primary Hyperparathyroidism
		Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
		“Tertiary” Hyperparathyroidism
		Differential Diagnosis
		Treatment
	Frozen Section
	References
10 Lung
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy
	Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Biopsy
		Cystic Diseases
			Congenital Cystic Diseases
		Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
		Bronchiectasis
		Abscess
		Granulomatous Inflammation
			Tuberculosis
			Atypical Mycobacteriosis
			Other Granulomatous Infections
			Sarcoidosis
			Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener’s)
			Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Churg–Strauss)
			Bronchocentric Granulomatosis, Mucoid Impaction of Bronchi, and Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis
			Other Granulomatous Inflammations
		Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease
		Hypersensitivity Pneumonia (Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis)
		Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis and Other Histiocytic Disorders
		Pneumoconiosis
		Lipoid Pneumonia
		Aspiration Pneumonia
		Eosinophilic Pneumonia
		Pulmonary Hemorrhage
		Miscellaneous Infections
			Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia
		Lung in AIDS
		Lung and Transplantation
		Vascular Diseases
		Other Non-Neoplastic Diseases
	Carcinoma
		General and Clinical Features
		Pathologic and Immunohistochemical Features
		Adenocarcinoma
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Neuroendocrine Tumors
			Carcinoid Tumor
		Large Cell Carcinoma
		Adenosquamous Carcinoma
		Sarcomatoid Carcinoma and Carcinosarcoma
		Pulmonary Blastoma
		Carcinoma Precursors
		Frozen Section
		Spread and Metastases
		Treatment
		Prognosis
	Other Primary Tumors
		Hamartoma
		Paraganglioma and Other Neural Neoplasms
		Minute Meningothelioid Nodules and Meningioma
		Sclerosing Pneumocytoma
		Inflammatory Pseudotumor and Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
		Vascular Tumors
		Lymphoid Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Salivary Gland–Type Tumors
		PEComatous Tumors
		Muscle Tumors
		Pleuropulmonary Blastoma
		Miscellaneous Primary Tumors
	Metastatic Tumors
	References
11 Pleura
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy of the Pleura
	Pleuritis and Other Non-Neoplastic Lesions
	Asbestos and the Pleura
	Tumors
		Benign Mesothelioma
		Malignant Mesothelioma
			Generalities
			Morphologic Features
			Mesothelioma Variants
			Differential Diagnosis and the Role of Histochemistry, Immunohistochemistry, Electron Microscopy, and Molecular Testing
			Molecular Genetic Features
			Spread and Metastases
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Solitary Fibrous Tumor
		Other Primary Tumors
		Metastatic Tumors
		Biopsy and Cytology
	References
12 Mediastinum
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Generalities
	Inflammatory Diseases
	Cysts (Other Than Thymic)
		Pericardial (Coelomic) Cysts
		Foregut Cysts
		Other Cysts
			Thyroid and Parathyroid Lesions
	Thymus
		Normal Anatomy
		Primary Immunodeficiencies
		Cysts
		Other Non-Neoplastic Diseases
		Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma
			General Features
			Myasthenia Gravis
			Other Associated Diseases
			Pathologic Features; Electron Microscopic, Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Genetic Features
				Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Basaloid Carcinoma
				Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
				Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma
				Sarcomatoid Carcinoma (Carcinosarcoma)
				Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma
			Classification
				Type A Thymoma (Spindle Cell; Medullary)
				Type AB Thymoma (Mixed)
				Type B1 Thymoma (Lymphocyte-Rich; Lymphocytic; Predominantly Cortical; Organoid)
				Type B2 Thymoma (Cortical)
				Type B3 Thymoma (Epithelial; Atypical; Squamoid; Well-Differentiated Thymic Carcinoma)
				Thymic Carcinoma
			Cytology
			Staging
			Treatment
			Prognosis
		Cervical Tumors of Thymic or Related Branchial Pouch Derivation
		Neuroendocrine Tumors
		Stromal and Other Tumors
		Germ Cell Tumors
	Malignant Lymphoma
		Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
		Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
		Primary Mediastinal (Thymic) Large B-Cell Lymphoma
		Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma
		Other Hematolymphoid Conditions
	Neurogenic Tumors
		Tumors of Sympathetic Nervous System
		Tumors of Peripheral Nerves
		Other Neurogenic Tumors
	Tumors of Paraganglia
	Mesenchymal Tumors
	Metastatic Tumors
	References
13 Esophagus
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy of the Esophagus
	Atresia and Related Anomalies
	Heterotopia
	Diverticula
	Cysts
	Rings and Webs
	Achalasia and Related Motor Disorders
	Lye Strictures
	Esophagitis (Nonreflux Related)
	Reflux Esophagitis
		Barrett Esophagus
			Diagnostic Categories in Barrett Esophagus
				Adenocarcinoma Arising in Barrett Esophagus
	Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		General and Clinical Features
		Morphologic Features and Local Spread
		Immunohistochemical and Molecular Genetic Features
		Esophageal Squamous Dysplasia
		Metastases
		Cytology
		Treatment
		Prognosis
	Other Types of Carcinoma
	Smooth Muscle Tumors and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
	Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
	References
14 Stomach
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy
	Heterotopic Tissues
	Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
	Chronic Gastritis
	Other Types of Gastritis
	Peptic and Other Benign Ulcers
	Other Non-Neoplastic Lesions
	Polyps
	Ménétrier Disease and Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome
	Regenerative Changes and Dysplasia
	Carcinoma
		General Features
		Morphologic Features and Classification
		Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Features
		Molecular Genetic Features
		Other Microscopic Tumor Types
		Diagnosis—Biopsy and Cytology
		So-Called Early Carcinoma
		Spread and Metastases
		Treatment
		Prognosis
	Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors (“Carcinoid Tumors”)
	Stromal Tumors (Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors and Related Lesions)
		Histogenetic Considerations: Microscopic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Genetic Features
		General, Clinical, and Gross Features of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
		Microscopic Features and Differential Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
		Tumor Multiplicity
		Spread and Metastases
		Treatment
		Prognosis
	Lymphoid Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		The Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Concept
		Low-Grade Lymphomas
		Large Cell Lymphomas
		Other Types of Lymphoma and Related Conditions
	Other Tumors
	References
15 Small Bowel
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy
	Congenital Defects
		Heterotopias
		Duplication, Atresia, Stenoses, and Related Defects
		Congenital Diverticula and Related Vitelline Duct Abnormalities
			Other Small Intestinal Diverticula
		Other Congenital Defects
	Inflammatory Disorders
		Diseases of Malabsorption
		Peptic Duodenitis/Duodenal Ulcer
		Vascular Diseases
		Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Infections
		Drugs, Chemotherapy, and Irradiation-Associated Enteritis
		Other Inflammatory Diseases
		Other Non-Neoplastic Diseases
			Intussusception
	Polyps and Tumors
		Benign Epithelial Tumors
		Adenocarcinoma
		Neuroendocrine Tumors
			General and Clinical Features
			Pathologic Features
			Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Features
			Molecular Genetic Features
			Spread and Metastases
			Treatment and Prognosis
			Carcinoid Syndrome
			Duodenal WNET
			Jejunal WNET
			Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
		Gangliocytic Paraganglioma
		Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors and Other Mesenchymal Tumors
		Malignant Lymphoma and Related Disorders
		Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Metastatic Tumors
	References
16 Appendix
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy of the Appendix
	Congenital Abnormalities of the Appendix
	Acute Appendicitis
		Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
		Clinical Features
		Pathologic Features
		Complications
		Treatment
		Periappendicitis
		The Negative Appendectomy
		Stump Appendicitis
		Chronic Appendicitis
	Other Inflammatory Processes
		Diverticular Disease
		Chronic Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
	Parasitic Infections
	Bacterial Infections
	Viral Infections
	Fungal Infections
	Tumors
		Nonmucinous Tumors
			Serrated Lesions
			Intestinal-Type Adenoma
			Nonmucinous Adenocarcinoma
		Mucinous Neoplasms
			Adenoma/Cystadenoma
			Low-Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm
			Mucinous Adenocarcinoma and Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
		Neuroendocrine Tumors
	Other Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions
		Müllerian Lesions
		Mesenchymal Tumors
	References
17 Large Bowel
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy of the Large Bowel
	Hirschsprung Disease and Related Disorders
	Diverticulosis
	Colitis
		Ulcerative Colitis
			Carcinoma and Dysplasia in Ulcerative Colitis
		Crohn Disease
		Indeterminate Colitis
		Ischemic Colitis
		Other Types of Colitis
	Other Non-Neoplastic Lesions
	Tumors
		Epithelial Polyps
			Polyposis Syndromes
			Relationship With Carcinoma and Treatment
		Carcinoma
			General Features
			Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Syndrome (Lynch Syndrome) and Other Familial Forms of Colorectal Cancer
			Clinical Features
			Site and Gross Features
			Microscopic Features
			Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Features
			Molecular Genetic Features
			Other Microscopic Types
			Biopsy
			Staging, Grading, and Prognostic Factors
			Spread and Metastases
			Treatment
		Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor (Carcinoid Tumor)
		Malignant Lymphoma and Related Lesions
		Gastrointestinal Stromal and Smooth Muscle Tumors
		Neural Tumors and Related Conditions
		Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
	References
18 Anus
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy of the Anus
	Embryologic Defects of the Anus
	Inflammatory and Non-Neoplastic Conditions
		Anal Fissures
		Anal Fistulae
		Hypertrophic Anal Papillae, Fibroepithelial Polyps, and Skin Tags
		Inflammatory Cloacogenic Polyps
		Hemorrhoids
		Crohn Disease
		Infections Involving the Anus
	Tumors and Precursor Lesions of the Anus
		Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia (Including Condyloma Acuminatum)
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			General and Clinical Features
			Pathologic Features
			Other Variants of Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Immunohistochemical and Molecular Genetic Features
			Spread and Metastases
			Therapy
			Prognosis
		Anal Duct/Gland Adenocarcinoma
		Paget Disease
		Other Microscopic Types of Carcinoma
		Malignant Melanoma
		Mammary Analogue Tumors
		Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
	References
19 Liver
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy
	Biopsy
	Viral Hepatitis
		Viral Hepatitis Caused by Hepatotropic Viruses
			Acute Viral Hepatitis
			Chronic Viral Hepatitis
		Hepatitis Caused by Nonhepatotropic Viruses
	Drug-Induced and Toxic Liver Injury
		Histologic Features
		Histologic Patterns of Injury
	Steatosis and Steatohepatitis
		Steatosis
		Grading and Staging of Steatohepatitis
		Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
		Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
		Glycogenic Hepatopathy and Other Features of Diabetes Mellitus in the Liver
	Cholestasis, Biliary Diseases, and Autoimmune Hepatitis
		Cholestatic Liver Disease
			Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
			Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
			IgG4-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis (IgG4-SC; IgG4-Related Hepatopathy; Autoimmune Pancreatocholangitis)
			Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis
			Large Duct Obstruction (Hilar and Extrahepatic)
			Miscellaneous Ductopenic Diseases
		Autoimmune Hepatitis
	Cirrhosis
	Childhood Disorders and Disorders of Metabolism
		Cholestatic Disorders
		Inherited Metabolic Disorders
	Disorders of Copper and Iron Metabolism
		Indian Childhood Cirrhosis
		Wilson Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)
		Iron Overload
			Hereditary Hemochromatosis
			Neonatal Hemochromatosis
				Hepatic Siderosis of Varied Etiology and Secondary Hemosiderosis
	Fibropolycystic Diseases (Ductal Plate Malformation)
		Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (Infantile-Type Polycystic Disease)
		Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis
		Caroli Disease (Congenital Dilation of the Intrahepatic Bile Ducts)
		Von Meyenburg Complex (Microhamartoma)
		Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (Adult-Type Polycystic Disease)
			Isolated Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Liver Disease (Isolated Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Hepatic Disease or Isolated Polycystic Liver Disease)
	Vascular Disorders
		Diseases of the Portal Venous System
		Hepatic Venous Outflow Obstruction
		Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome
		Miscellaneous Other Vascular Lesions
	Liver Disease in Pregnancy
		Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
		Toxemia of Pregnancy (Preeclampsia/Eclampsia)
		HELLP Syndrome
		Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
	Liver Involvement in Systemic Diseases
		Granulomatous Liver Disease
			Sarcoidosis
			Echinococcus (Hydatid Cyst)
		Malaria
		Hepatic Abscess
		Amyloidosis and Light Chain Deposition Disease
		Nonspecific Reactive Changes
	Liver Pathology in Organ Transplantation
		Preexisting Donor Lesions
		Diseases of the Transplanted Liver
			Preservation Reperfusion Injury
		Other Complications
		Recurrent Disease
		Late Changes in Liver Allografts
		Bone Marrow Transplantation: Graft-Versus-Host Disease
	References
20 Liver
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Hepatic Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia
		Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
		Hepatocellular Adenoma
		Regenerative and Dysplastic Nodules
		Hepatocellular Carcinoma
			General and Clinical Features
			Predisposing and Associated Factors
				Hepatotropic Viruses
				Alcohol Use
				Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
			Gross Features
			Microscopic Features
			Immunohistochemical Features
			Molecular Genetic Features
			Other Microscopic Types
			Biopsy and Cytology
			Grading, Spread, and Metastases
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Hepatoblastoma
	Bile Duct Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Simple Cyst
		Biliary Microhamartoma
		Peribiliary Gland Hamartoma (Bile Duct Adenoma)
		Biliary Cystadenoma and Cystadenocarcinoma
		Intraductal Papillary Neoplasms of the Bile Duct
		Bile Duct Carcinoma (Cholangiocarcinoma)
	Mesenchymal Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Vascular Tumors
			Other Mesenchymal Tumors
	Malignant Lymphoma and Related Lesions
	Other Primary Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
	Metastatic Tumors
	References
21 Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy
	Congenital Abnormalities
		Gallbladder
		Extrahepatic Biliary Tree
	Cholesterosis
	Cholelithiasis
	Acute Cholecystitis
	Chronic Cholecystitis
	Other Inflammatory Processes Involving the Gallbladder
	Inflammatory Disorders of the Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
	Infections of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
	Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of the Gallbladder
		Benign Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Tumoral Intraepithelial Neoplasia
		Flat/Nontumoral Preinvasive Lesions (Dysplasia/Carcinoma In Situ)
		Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
			General and Clinical Features
			Gross Features
			Microscopic Features
			Other Microscopic Types
			Immunohistochemical Features
			Molecular Genetic Features
			Spread and Metastases
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Tumors of the Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
		Benign Tumors of the Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
		Tumoral Intraepithelial Neoplasms
		Nontumoral (Flat) Dysplasia
		Adenocarcinoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
			Molecular Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Miscellaneous Tumors of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
	References
22 Pancreas and Ampullary Region
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Pancreas
		Normal Anatomy
		Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities
			Heterotopic Pancreas
			Cystic Fibrosis
			Diabetes Mellitus
		Pancreatitis
			Acute Pancreatitis
			Chronic Pancreatitis
			Alcoholic Pancreatitis
			Autoimmune Pancreatitis
			Paraduodenal Pancreatitis
			Other Forms of Chronic Pancreatitis
		Miscellaneous Inflammatory and Infectious Lesions
		Pancreatic Transplantation
		Non-Neoplastic Cystic Lesions
			Pseudocysts
			Congenital Cysts
		Tumors
			Ductal Adenocarcinoma
				General and Clinical Features
				Location and Gross Features
				Microscopic Features
				Other Microscopic Types
				Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Features of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
				Molecular Genetic Features
				Spread and Metastases
				Cytology
				Surgical Exploration and Frozen Section
				Treatment
				Prognosis
			Cystic Neoplasms
				Serous Cystic Neoplasms
				Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms
			Intraductal Neoplasms
			Acinar Cell Tumors and Related Neoplasms
				Mixed Acinar Neoplasms
				Pancreatoblastoma
			Solid–Pseudopapillary Tumor
			Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
				Grading and Prognosis
			Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
			Lymphoid Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
			Mesenchymal and Other Primary Tumors
			Miscellaneous Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions
			Metastatic Tumors
	Ampullary Region
		Adenomas and Flat Dysplasia
		Intra-ampullary Papillary–Tubular Neoplasm
		Ampullary Carcinoma
		Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
		Miscellaneous Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions
	References
23 Kidney
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Renal Biopsy
		Handling of the Biopsy
			Light Microscopy
			Electron Microscopy
			Immunofluorescence Microscopy
		Biopsy Interpretation
	Normal Structure of the Glomerulus
	Classification of Glomerular Disease
	Glomerular Lesions Associated With the Nephrotic Syndrome
		Minimal Change Disease
		Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
			Collapsing Glomerulopathy
		C1q Nephropathy
		Membranous Glomerulonephritis
		Diabetic Nephropathy
		Amyloidosis
		Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis
		Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy
		Light Chain Deposition Disease
		Heavy Chain Deposition Disease
		Proliferative Glomerulonephritis With Monoclonal Immunoglobulin G Deposits
		Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome
			Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome of the Finnish Type
			Diffuse Mesangial Sclerosis
	Glomerular Lesions Associated With the Syndrome of Acute Nephritis
		Diffuse Endocapillary Proliferative Glomerulonephritis
			Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
			IgA-Dominant Staphylococcal Infection-Associated Glomerulonephritis
		C3-Related Glomerular Diseases and Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
			C3 Glomerulopathy
				Dense Deposit Disease
				C3 Glomerulonephritis
			Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis With Immune Complexes
		Diffuse Mesangioproliferative Glomerulonephritis
			IgA Nephropathy
		Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
			Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease
			Immune Complex Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
			Pauci-Immune Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
		Lupus Nephritis
	Glomerular Lesions Associated With Vascular Diseases
		Systemic Vasculitis
			Polyarteritis Nodosa
			Microscopic Polyangiitis
			Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis
			Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis
			Henoch–Schönlein Purpura
			Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis
		Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
		Systemic Sclerosis
	Renal Diseases of Pregnancy
		Preeclampsia
	Hereditary Glomerular Diseases
		Alport Syndrome
		Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy
		Fabry Disease
		Nail–Patella Syndrome
		Collagen Type III Glomerulopathy
		Fibronectin Glomerulopathy
	Renal Transplant Pathology
		Allograft Rejection
			Hyperacute Rejection
			Acute Rejection
			Chronic Rejection
		The Banff Classification
		Cyclosporine A (Cyclosporin) Toxicity
			Functional Toxicity
			Acute Toxicity
			Thrombotic Microangiopathy
			Chronic Toxicity
		Tacrolimus (FK506) Toxicity
		Polyomavirus Nephropathy
	Tubulointerstitial Diseases
		Acute Tubular Necrosis
		Acute and Chronic Pyelonephritis
		Acute Allergic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
		Immunoglobulin G4–Related Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
		Analgesic Abuse Nephropathy
		Heavy Metals Nephrotoxicity
			Lead Nephropathy
		Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis
		Light Chain Cast Nephropathy
	Renal Vascular Disease
		Renal Arteriolar Disease
		Renal Arterial Disease
	Radiation Nephropathy
		Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation–Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy
	Cystic Diseases of the Kidney
		Multicystic Renal Dysplasia
		Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
		Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
		Nephronophthisis
		Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease
		Medullary Sponge Kidney
		Acquired Renal Cystic Disease
		Simple Cysts
	References
24 Kidney
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Pediatric Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Nephroblastic Tumors
			Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
				General Features
				Clinical Features
				Morphologic Features
				Immunohistochemical Features
				Molecular Genetic Features
				Spread and Metastases
				Therapy
				Prognosis
			Cystic Partially Differentiated Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
			Nephroblastomatosis and Nephrogenic Rests
		Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
		Clear Cell Sarcoma
		Rhabdoid Tumor
		Pediatric-Type Cystic Nephroma and DICER1 Renal Sarcoma
		Intrarenal Neuroblastoma
		Intrarenal Ewing Sarcoma
		Intrarenal Synovial Sarcoma
		Metanephric Tumors
		Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Other Pediatric Tumor Types
	Adult Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Renal Cell Carcinoma
			General Features
			Clinical Features
			Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma
				Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
				Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
				Multilocular Cystic Renal Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
				Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma
				Clear Cell–Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
				MiT Family Translocation Renal Cell Carcinomas
				Collecting Duct Carcinoma
				Fumarate Hydratase–Deficient Renal Cell Carcinoma (Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Carcinoma–Associated Renal Cell Carcinoma)
				Renal Medullary Carcinoma
				Tubulocystic Carcinoma
				Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Carcinoma
				Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease–Associated Renal Cell Carcinoma
				Succinate Dehydrogenase–Deficient Renal Cell Carcinoma
				Eosinophilic Solid and Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma
				Renal Cell Carcinoma, Unclassified
				Other Types
				Spread and Metastases
				Therapy
				Prognosis
		Adenomas
		Oncocytoma, “Difficult to Classify” Oncocytic Tumors, and Oncocytosis
		Neuroendocrine Tumors
		Other Epithelial Tumors
		Angiomyolipoma
		Juxtaglomerular Cell Tumor
		Other Benign Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Sarcomas
		Malignant Lymphoma and Related Lymphoid Lesions
		Metastatic Tumors
		Tumors of Renal Pelvis and Ureter
			Urothelial Carcinoma
			Other Carcinoma Types
			Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
	References
25 Bladder
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy
	Congenital Abnormalities
		Urachal Lesions
		Exstrophy
	Diverticulosis
	Lithiasis
	Endometriosis and Related Müllerian-Type Changes
	Amyloidosis
	Cystitis
		Interstitial Cystitis (Painful Bladder Syndrome)
		Eosinophilic Cystitis
		Emphysematous Cystitis
		Tuberculosis and Bacillus Calmette–Guérin-Induced Granulomas
		Malakoplakia and Related Conditions
		Other Forms of Cystitis
	Metaplastic and Tumorlike Conditions
	Urothelial Carcinoma
		General and Clinical Features
			Noninvasive Papillary Urothelial Neoplasia
			Endophytic/Inverted Urothelial Neoplasia
			Flat Urothelial Lesions With Atypia
			Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma
		Immunohistochemical Features
		Molecular Genetic Features
			Reporting in Transurethral Resection and Cystectomy Specimens
		Treatment
	Other Primary Carcinomas
		Primary Glandular Lesions of the Bladder (Adenocarcinoma and Related Tumors)
		Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Related Tumors
	Myofibroblastic Proliferations of the Urinary Bladder
	Other Tumors
	References
26 Prostate and Seminal Vesicles
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Prostate
		Normal Anatomy
		Ectopia
		Nodular Hyperplasia
		Infarct
		Prostatitis
			Abscess
			Tuberculosis and Bacillus Calmette–Guérin-Induced Granulomas
			Other Specific Infections
			Granulomatous Prostatitis
			Prostatitis With Eosinophils
			Other Inflammations
		Calculi
		Tumorlike Conditions
			Microscopic Mimics of Prostatic Neoplasia
		Carcinoma
			General Features
			Clinical Features
			Pathologic Features
				Adenocarcinoma of Acinar Type
				“Minimal Adenocarcinoma” and Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation
				Ductal Adenocarcinoma
				Immunohistochemical Features
				Molecular Profile and Genetic Susceptibility
				Other Microscopic Types
				Intraepithelial Proliferative Lesions
				Intraductal Carcinoma
				Tissue Examination
			Metastases
			Staging and Grading
			Treatment
			Prognosis
		Other Tumors (in Infants and Children)
		Other Tumors (in Adults)
	Prostatic Urethra
	Seminal Vesicles and Cowper’s Glands
	References
27 Testis and Testicular Adnexa
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Testis
		Normal Embryology and Anatomy
		Cryptorchidism
		Atrophy and Infertility
		Other Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Tumors
			Germ Cell Tumors
				Classification
				Germ Cell Tumors Associated With Germ Cell Neoplasia In Situ
					Clinical Nomenclature.
					Incidence.
					Predisposing and Accompanying Factors.
					Age.
					Presentation.
					Bilaterality.
					Molecular Genetic Features.
					Spread and Metastases.
					Treatment.
					Prognosis.
					Noninvasive Germ Cell Neoplasia
						Germ Cell Neoplasia In Situ (Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia, Unclassified).
						Specific Forms of Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia.
					Invasive Germ Cell Neoplasia
						Seminoma.
						Embryonal Carcinoma.
						Post-Pubertal Teratoma.
						Yolk Sac Tumor.
						Choriocarcinoma.
						Non-Choriocarcinomatous Trophoblastic Tumors.
						Somatic-Type Malignancies in Germ Cell Tumors.
						Specific Histologic Patterns of Mixed Germ Cell Tumor.
						Regressed Germ Cell Tumors.
						Diagnosing Metastatic Germ Cell Neoplasia.
						Staging on Orchiectomy Specimens.
					Germ Cell Tumors Unrelated to Germ Cell Neoplasia In Situ
						Overview.
						Spermatocytic Tumor.
						Prepubertal Teratoma.
						Mixed Teratoma and Yolk Sac Tumor, Prepubertal.
						Yolk Sac Tumor, Prepubertal.
			Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors
				Leydig Cell Tumor and Related Lesions
				Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of Sertoli Cells
				Other Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors
			Mixed Germ Cell–Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors
			Malignant Lymphoma and Related Tumors
			Other Primary Tumors
			Metastatic Tumors
	Testicular Adnexa
		Normal Anatomy
		Rete Testis
			Non-Neoplastic Lesions
			Neoplasms
		Epididymis
			Non-Neoplastic Lesions
			Tumors
				Adenomatoid Tumor and Mesothelioma
				Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Spermatic Cord
	References
28 Penis and Scrotum
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Penis
		Normal Anatomy
		Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Tumors
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Morphologic Features and Tumor Types
				Precursor Lesions
					Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia
					Human Papilloma Virus Related (PeIN)
					Human Papilloma Virus Unrelated (PeIN)
				Invasive Carcinoma
					Human Papilloma Virus Related.
					Non-Human Papilloma Virus Related.
				Molecular Genetic Features
				Spread and Metastases
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Other Carcinoma Types
			Tumors of Penile Urethra
			Other Penile Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
	Scrotum
		Normal Anatomy
		Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Tumors
	References
29 Adrenal Gland and Other Paraganglia
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter Contents
	Normal Anatomy
		Adrenal Gland
		Paraganglion System
	Biopsy and Cytology
	Lesions of Adrenal Cortex
		Adrenal Adhesion and Union
		Adrenal Heterotopia
		Adrenal Hyperplasia
			Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
			Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia
			Other Adrenocortical Hyperplasia
		Adrenocortical Neoplasms
			Adrenocortical Adenoma
				Clinical Features
				Morphologic Features
				Hormone Production in Adenomas
					Nonfunctioning Lesions.
					Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma.
					Cortisol-Producing Adenoma.
					Sex Hormone–Producing Adenoma.
					Other Functional Manifestations.
				Electron Microscopic, Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Genetic Features
			Adrenocortical Carcinoma
				Clinical Features
				Morphologic Features
				Electron Microscopic, Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Genetic Features
				Differential Diagnosis
				Spread and Metastases
				Treatment and Prognosis
				Staging
	Lesions of Adrenal Medulla
		Neuroblastoma
			General and Clinical Features
			Morphologic Features
			Electron Microscopic, Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Genetic Features
			Spread and Metastases
			Therapy and Prognosis
			Staging
		Adrenal Medullary Hyperplasia
		Pheochromocytoma
			General and Clinical Features
			Morphologic Features
			Electron Microscopic, Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Genetic Features
			Spread, Metastases, Treatment, and Prognosis
			Staging
	Other Adrenal Lesions
	Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions of Other Paraganglia
		Generalities
		Morphologic Features
		Electron Microscopic and Immunohistochemical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
		Paraganglioma Subtypes
			Parasympathetic (Head and Neck) Paragangliomas
			Sympathetic Paraganglioma
	References
Chapter 30
	30 Vulva
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Normal Anatomy
			Mammary-Like Glands of the Vulva and Related Lesions
		Inflammatory Diseases
		Spongiotic and Lichenoid Reactions of the Vulvar Skin
		Human Papilloma Virus and Vulvar Pathology
		Condyloma and Seborrheic Keratosis
		Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
			Human Papilloma Virus-Associated Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia: High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (VIN2/3)
			Human Papilloma Virus-Independent Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia: Differentiated Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia
			Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				General Features
				Human Papilloma Virus-Associated Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Human Papilloma Virus-Independent Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Spread and Metastases
				Therapy
				Prognosis
			Superficially Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Paget Disease
		Other Epithelial Tumors
		Melanocytic Tumors
		Aggressive Angiomyxoma and Related Lesions
		Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Lesions of Bartholin Glands and Related Structures
		Lesions of the Female Urethra
		References
Chapter 31
	31 Vagina
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Normal Anatomy
		Adenosis and Related Lesions
		Other Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Benign Epithelial Tumors
		Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
		Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Clear Cell Carcinoma
		Other Carcinoma Types
		Mesenchymal Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Melanocytic Tumors
		Other Primary Tumors
		Metastatic Tumors
		References
Chapter 32
	32 Uterus
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Normal Anatomy
		Remnants and Ectopias
		Squamous and Other Metaplasias
		Inflammatory Lesions
		Non-Neoplastic Glandular Lesions
		Non-Neoplastic Stromal Lesions (Including Endometriosis and Related Processes)
		Human Papilloma Virus and the Lower Female Genital Tract
		Tumors
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Precursors
				Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions/Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
				Superficial Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
					General Features
					Morphologic Features
					Immunohistochemical and Molecular Genetic Features
					Spread and Metastases
					Treatment
					Prognosis
				Other Microscopic Types
			Adenocarcinoma
				Background
				In situ Adenocarcinoma
				Human Papilloma Virus–Associated Cervical Adenocarcinoma
					General Features
					Morphologic Variants of Human Papilloma Virus–Associated Cervical Adenocarcinoma
				HPV-Independent Cervical Adenocarcinomas
					General Features
					Morphologic Variants of Human Papilloma Virus–Independent Cervical Adenocarcinoma
			Early Invasive Adenocarcinoma
				Differential Diagnosis With Endometrial Adenocarcinoma
			Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
				Cytology
			Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		References
Chapter 33
	33 Uterus
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Normal Anatomy
		Effects of Hormone Administration
			Estrogen Therapy
			Progestational Agents
			Tamoxifen
		Endometritis
		Metaplasia
		Adenomyosis and Endometriosis
		Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
		Endometrial Hyperplasia Without Atypia, Atypical Hyperplasia, and Variants
		Curettage and Biopsy
		Tumors
			Endometrial Polyps
			Endometrial Carcinoma
				General and Clinical Features, Including Molecular Subtypes
				Pathologic Features
				Variants of Endometrioid Carcinoma and Other Endometrial Carcinoma Histotypes
				Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Features
				Molecular Genetic Features
				Spread and Metastases
				Coexistent Uterine and Other Genital Tract Carcinomas
				Treatment
				Prognosis
			Endometrial Stromal Tumors
			Müllerian Adenosarcoma and Related Tumors
			Leiomyoma
				Leiomyoma Variants
			Leiomyosarcoma
				Clinical and Gross Features
				Microscopic Features
				Electron Microscopic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Genetic Features
				Leiomyosarcoma Variants
				Spread, Metastases, Treatment, and Prognosis
				Relationship Between Morphology and Behavior of Uterine Smooth Muscle Tumors
			PEComa
			Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
			Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
				Hydatidiform Mole
					Complete Mole
					Partial Mole
					Invasive Mole
				Choriocarcinoma
				Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor and Related Lesions of Intermediate Trophoblast
				Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor
					Tumorlike Conditions of Intermediate Trophoblast.
			Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		References
Chapter 34
	34 Fallopian Tube
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Normal Anatomy
		Inflammation
		Torsion
		Tubal Pregnancy
		Other Non-Neoplastic Processes
		Proliferative Epithelial Lesions
		Carcinoma
			Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma
			High-Grade Serous Carcinoma
			Other Carcinomas
		Other Tumors
		Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of Broad and Round Ligaments
		References
Chapter 35
	35 Ovary
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Normal Anatomy
		Gonadal Dysgenesis
		Cysts, Stromal Hyperplasia, and Other Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Inflammation
		Endometriosis
		Tumors
			Classification
			Epithelial Tumors
				Overview
				Familial Ovarian Cancer Syndromes
			Serous Tumors
				Low-Grade Serous Neoplasia
					Prognosis
					Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Pathology
				High-Grade Serous Carcinoma
					Prognosis
					Site of Origin
					Differential Diagnosis
					Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Morphology
			Mucinous Tumors
			Seromucinous Tumors
			Endometrioid Tumors
			Clear Cell Tumors
			Brenner Tumor
			Carcinosarcoma and Adenosarcoma
			Mixed and Other Epithelial Tumors
			Ovarian Carcinoma
				Ovarian Tumors in Children
				Coexistence of Ovarian and Endometrial Carcinoma
				Cytology
				Therapy
				Prognosis
			Germ Cell Tumors
				Dysgerminoma
				Yolk Sac Tumor and Embryonal Carcinoma
				Choriocarcinoma
				Immature Teratoma
				Mature Solid Teratoma
				Mature Cystic Teratoma
				“Somatic-type” Tumors Developing in Mature Cystic Teratoma
				Epidermoid Cyst
				Struma Ovarii
				Carcinoid Tumor and Strumal Carcinoid
			Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors
				Granulosa Cell Tumor
				Thecoma, Fibroma, and Related Tumors
				Small Cell Carcinoma of Hypercalcemic Type
				Sertoli–Leydig Cell Tumor
				Steroid Cell Tumor
				Other Types
			Germ Cell–Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors
			Tumors Not Specific to Ovary
				Malignant Lymphoma and Leukemia
				Sarcoma
			Other Primary Tumors
			Metastatic Tumors
		References
Chapter 36
	36 Breast
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Normal Anatomy
		Ectopia
		Inflammatory and Related Lesions
			Mammary Duct Ectasia
			Fat Necrosis
			Lymphocytic Mastopathy
			Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis
			Cystic Neutrophilic Granulomatous Mastitis
			Other Inflammatory Diseases
		Benign Breast Disease
		Intraductal Proliferative Lesions and Nonproliferative Changes
			Nonproliferative Changes
			Intraductal Proliferative Lesions
				Usual Ductal Hyperplasia
				Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia and Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia
				Columnar Cell Lesions and Flat Epithelial Atypia
				Nomenclature of Proliferative Ductal and Lobular Lesions
				Relationship With Carcinoma and Management
		Fibroepithelial Lesions
			Fibroadenoma
				Malignant Changes
			Phyllodes Tumor
		Adenosis and Sclerosing Lesions
			Adenosis
				Blunt Duct Adenosis
				Sclerosing Adenosis
				Microglandular Adenosis
				Apocrine Adenosis
				Tubular Adenosis
			Radial Scar and Complex Sclerosing Lesions
		Papillary Lesions
			Intraductal Papilloma
			Papillary Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
			Encapsulated Papillary Carcinoma
			Solid Papillary Carcinoma
			Solid Papillary Carcinoma With Reverse Polarity
			Invasive Papillary Carcinoma
		Nipple Lesions
			Nipple Adenoma
			Squamous Metaplasia of Lactiferous Ducts
			Paget Disease
		Carcinoma
			General Features
				Age
				Incidence
				Risk Factors
				Genetic Predisposition
				Location
				Multicentricity and Multifocality
				Bilaterality
			Diagnosis
				Clinical Examination
				Mammography
				Cytology
				Core Needle Biopsy
				Frozen Section
				Histologic Types
			Carcinoma In Situ
				Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
					Low Nuclear Grade Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
					Intermediate Nuclear Grade Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
					High Nuclear Grade Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
					Architectural Patterns of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
					Evolution
				Lobular Carcinoma In Situ
					Evolution
			Invasive Carcinoma
				Microinvasive Breast Carcinoma
				Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
				Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
				Invasive Carcinoma With Ductal and Lobular Features
				Variants of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
				Tubular Carcinoma
				Invasive Cribriform Carcinoma
				Mucinous Carcinoma
				Carcinoma with Medullary Features
				Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma
				Carcinomas with Apocrine Differentiation
				Secretory Carcinoma
				Carcinomas with Neuroendocrine Features
				Metaplastic Carcinoma
				Inflammatory Carcinoma
				Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
				Acinic Cell Carcinoma
			Hormone Receptors
				HER2
			Molecular Genetics and Molecular Classification of Breast Cancer
				Molecular Genetics
				Molecular Classification
			Extent, Local Recurrence, and Metastases
			Occult Breast Carcinoma
			Sentinel Lymph Node
			Staging of Breast Carcinoma
			Therapy for Breast Carcinoma
				Effects of Therapy on the Tumor and on Normal Breast
			Prognosis
		Salivary Gland and Skin Adnexal-Type Tumors (Including Myoepithelial Tumors)
		Stromal and Vascular Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
			Other Malignant Stromal Tumors
		Lymphoid Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Other Primary Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Metastatic Tumors
		Breast Diseases in Children and Adolescents
		Breast Diseases in Males
			Gynecomastia
			Myofibroblastoma
			Carcinoma
			Other Lesions
		References
Chapter 37
	37 Lymph Nodes
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Normal Anatomy
		Lymph Node Evaluation
			Biopsy
			Needle Biopsy
			Infectious Disease Examination
			Immunophenotyping
			Molecular Genetic and Cytogenetic Studies
				Gene Rearrangement Analysis
				Chromosomal Translocation
				Chromosome Copy Change and Chromosomal Gain or Deletion
				Gene Mutation, Amplification, and Hypermethylation
				Gene Expression Profiling
		Primary Immunodeficiencies
		Patterns of Hyperplasia
			Follicular Hyperplasia
				Progressively and Regressively Transformed Germinal Centers
			Mantle/Marginal Zone Hyperplasia
			Paracortical Hyperplasia
			Sinus Hyperplasia
			Granulomatous Inflammation
			Other Cell Types Involved in Nodal Hyperplasia
				Monocytoid B Cells
				Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
				Polykaryocytes
		Inflammatory/Hyperplastic Diseases
			Acute Nonspecific Lymphadenitis
			Kikuchi Necrotizing Lymphadenitis
			Chronic Nonspecific Lymphadenitis
			Tuberculosis
			Atypical Mycobacteriosis
			Sarcoidosis
			Fungal Infections
			Toxoplasmosis
			Syphilis
			Leprosy
			Mesenteric Lymphadenitis
			Cat-Scratch Disease
			Lymphogranuloma Venereum
			Tularemia
			Brucellosis
			Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome–Related Lymphadenopathy
			Infectious Mononucleosis
			Other Viral (Including Postvaccinial) Lymphadenitides
			Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
			Lupus Erythematosus
			Rheumatoid Arthritis
			Castleman Disease
			Drug Hypersensitivity
			Dermatopathic Lymphadenitis
			Rosai–Dorfman Disease
			Kimura Disease
			Chronic Granulomatous Disease
			Lipophagic Reactions
		Malignant Lymphoma
			Hodgkin Lymphoma
				Gross Features
				Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
					Reed–Sternberg Cell
					General and Clinical Features
					Spread
					Microscopic Types
					Other Microscopic Features
					Molecular Genetics
				Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
					Molecular Genetics
			Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
				Precursor Lymphoid Neoplasms
				Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms of B Lineage
					Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma and Related Disorders
					Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma
					Heavy Chain Diseases
					Nodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma
					Follicular Lymphoma
					Mantle Cell Lymphoma
					Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Related Disorders
					Current Testing in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
					Burkitt Lymphoma
					High-Grade B-Cell Lymphomas
			Lymphoma in Immunodeficiency States
			Peripheral (Post-Thymic) T-Cell and Natural Killer–Cell Lymphomas
				Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma
				Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
				Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified
				Current Testing in Peripheral T- and Natural Killer–Cell Lymphomas
		Tumors of the Accessory Immune System
		Vascular Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Other Primary Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Lymph Node Inclusions
		Other Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Metastatic Tumors
		References
Chapter 38
	38 Spleen
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Normal Anatomy
		Biopsy and Fine-Needle Aspiration
		Rupture and Splenectomy
		Congenital Anomalies
		Cysts
		Inflammation
		Hypersplenism
			Thrombocytopenic Purpuras
			Hemolytic Anemia
			Congestive Splenomegaly
		Other Non-Neoplastic Disorders
		Hematolymphoid Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
			Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
			Hodgkin Lymphoma
			Leukemias
			Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
			Mastocytosis
			Other Hematolymphoid Conditions
		Vascular Tumors
		Other Primary Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Metastatic Tumors
		References
Chapter 39
	39 Bone Marrow
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Biopsy Procedure and Processing of Specimen
		Immunohistochemistry
		Normocellular Bone Marrow
		Alterations in Cellularity
			Aplastic Anemia
			Marrow Hyperplasia
			Gelatinous Transformation (Serous Atrophy/Degeneration)
		Osteopetrosis
		Bone Marrow Necrosis
		Inflammatory Disorders
			Granulomatous Inflammation
			Nonspecific Inflammatory Reactions
		Human Immunodeficiency Virus Syndrome (HIV, AIDS)
		Leukemias and Related Disorders
			Acute Leukemia
			Myeloid Sarcoma
			Myelodysplastic Syndromes
			Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
				Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
				Polycythemia Vera
				Essential Thrombocythemia
				Primary Myelofibrosis
				Myeloid/Lymphoid Neoplasms With Eosinophilia and Rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1 or With PCM1-JAK2
					PDGFRA Abnormalities
					PDGFRB Abnormalities
					FGFR1 Abnormalities
					PCM1-JAK2 Fusions
		Systemic Mastocytosis
		Mature B-Cell Neoplasms
			Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
			Monoclonal B-Cell Lymphocytosis
			Richter Syndrome
			Prolymphocytic Leukemia
			Hairy Cell Leukemia
			Hairy Cell Leukemia Variant
			Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma
			Burkitt Lymphoma/Leukemia
		Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
			B-Cell Lymphoma
			T- and NK-Cell Lymphomas/Leukemias
				Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified
				Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
				Sézary Syndrome
				T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia
				Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma
				Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
				Hepatosplenic T-Cell Lymphoma, Post-Transplant T-Cell Lymphoma, and Aggressive NK-Cell Lymphoma
		Benign Lymphocytic Aggregates
		Hodgkin Lymphoma
		Histiocytic Disorders
			Malignant Histiocytosis
			Hemophagocytic Syndromes
			Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
		Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
			Plasma Cell Myeloma
				Nonsecretory Myeloma
				Asymptomatic (Smoldering) Plasma Cell Myeloma
				Plasma Cell Leukemia
			Osteosclerotic Myeloma and POEMS (Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal Gammopathy, and Skin Changes) Syndrome
			Plasmacytoma
			Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
			Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma
			Heavy Chain Disease
			Amyloidosis
		Systemic Polyclonal B-Immunoblastic Proliferation
		Metastatic Tumors
		Lipid Storage Diseases
			Gaucher Disease
			Niemann–Pick Disease
			Fabry Disease
			Sea-Blue Histiocyte Syndrome
		Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
		Acknowledgment
		References
Chapter 40
	40 Bone and Joints
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Bone
			Normal Anatomy
			Metabolic Bone Diseases
			Fractures
			Osteomyelitis
			Bone Necrosis
				Bone Infarct
				Osteonecrosis (Avascular/Aseptic Bone Necrosis)
				Osteochondritis Dissecans
			Osteochemonecrosis
				Radiation Necrosis
			Paget Disease
			Osteopetrosis
			Tumors
				Classification and Distribution
				Bone-Forming Tumors
					Osteoma
					Osteoid Osteoma and Osteoblastoma
					Osteosarcoma
				Cartilage-Forming Tumors
					Enchondroma
					Osteochondroma and Related Lesions
					Chondroblastoma
					Chondromyxoid Fibroma
					Chondrosarcoma
					Chondrosarcoma Variants
						Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma.
						Myxoid Chondrosarcoma (Chordoid Sarcoma).
						Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma.
						Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma.
				Giant Cell Tumor
					Malignant Giant Cell Tumor
				Marrow Tumors
					Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors
					Malignant Lymphoma and Related Lesions
				Vascular Tumors
				Other Mesenchymal Tumors
					Fibrous and Related Tumors
					Muscle Tumors
					Adipose Tissue Tumors
					Chordoma and Other Notochordal Lesions
					Adamantinoma of Long Bones
					Peripheral Nerve Tumors
				Metastatic Tumors
			Tumorlike Lesions
				Unicameral Bone Cyst
				Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
				Other Cysts
				Non-ossifying Fibroma (Fibrous Cortical Defect)
				Fibrous Dysplasia and Osteofibrous Dysplasia
				Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
				Other Histiocytic Lesions
		Joints and Related Structures
			Normal Anatomy
			Non-neoplastic Diseases
				Ganglion and Meniscal Cysts
				Bursae and Baker Cyst
				Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
				Arthritis
					Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease)
					Infectious Arthritis
					Gout and Pseudogout
					Other Articular and Periarticular Diseases
				The Pathology of Prostheses
			Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
				Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor and Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
				Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis and Bursitis
				Synovial Chondromatosis and Chondrosarcoma
				Other Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		References
Chapter 41
	41 Soft Tissues
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Normal Anatomy
		Infections and Hematomas
		Tumors
			Classification
			Clinical Features
			Diagnosis and Special Techniques
			Grading and Staging
			Prognosis
			Therapy
			Pathogenesis
			Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts
				Calcifying Aponeurotic Fibroma
				Fibroma of Tendon Sheath
				Collagenous Fibroma
				Nuchal-Type Fibroma
				Superficial Acral Fibromyxoma
				Angiofibroma of Soft Tissue
				Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy
				Nodular Fasciitis and Related Lesions
				Myositis Ossificans
				Intranodal Palisaded Myofibroblastoma
				Mammary-Type Myofibroblastoma
				Elastofibroma
				Solitary Fibrous Tumor
				Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis
				Fibrosarcoma and Variants
				Myofibroblastic Tumors
				Myofibrosarcoma
			Fibrohistiocytic Tumors
				Malignant Fibrohistiocytic Tumors
			Tumors of Synovial Tissues
				Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath (Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor, Localized Type)
				Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath, Diffuse-Type/Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
			Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of Peripheral Nerves
				Neuroma
				Schwannoma (Neurilemoma)
				Granular Cell Tumor
				Neurofibroma
				Perineurioma
				Dermal Nerve Sheath Myxoma
				Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
			Tumors of Adipose Tissue
				Lipoma
				Lipoblastoma/Lipoblastomatosis
				Hibernoma
				Neural Fibrolipoma
				Liposarcoma
			Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of Blood and Lymph Vessels
				Hemangioma
				Hemangioendothelioma
				Angiosarcoma
				Lymphangioma and Lymphangiomyoma
				Hemangioblastoma
			Tumors of Smooth Muscle and Modified Smooth Muscles
				Leiomyoma
				Leiomyosarcoma
				Epithelioid Smooth Muscle Tumors
				Glomus Tumor
			Tumors of Striated Muscle
				Rhabdomyoma
				Rhabdomyosarcoma
					Special Techniques in Rhabdomyosarcoma
			Osseous or Cartilaginous Tumors
			Tumors of Extragonadal Germ Cells
			Tumors of Neural Tissue (Other Than Peripheral Nerves)
			Tumors of Hematopoietic Tissue
			Miscellaneous Tumors and Tumors of Uncertain Cell Type
				Synovial Sarcoma
				Myxoma and Related Tumors
				Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
				Clear Cell Sarcoma
				Epithelioid Sarcoma
				Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumor
				Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (Ewing Family of Tumors)
				Desmoplastic Small Cell Tumor
				Malignant Extrarenal Rhabdoid Tumor
				Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor
				Pleomorphic Hyalinizing Angiectatic Tumor
				Myoepithelioma of Soft Tissue
				Other Tumors
			Metastatic Tumors
			Other Tumorlike Conditions
		References
Chapter 42
	42 Cardiovascular System
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Heart
			Normal Anatomy
			Myocardial Biopsy
				Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis
					Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
					Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
					Restrictive (Restrictive/Obliterative) Cardiomyopathy
					Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies
					Other Cardiomyopathies
					Myocarditis
				Heart Transplant
			Cardiac Valves
				Mitral Valve
				Aortic Valve
				Pulmonary Valve
				Tricuspid Valve
				Endocarditis
				Prosthetic Valves
			Left Atrial Appendage
			Coronary Artery Bypass
			Coronary Artery Stents
			Cardiac Tumors
				Myxoma
				Other Benign Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
				Primary Malignant Tumors
				Metastatic Tumors
			Pericardium
		Arteries
			Normal Anatomy
			Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis
			Stents and Bypass Grafts
				Arterial Stents
				Arterial Bypass Grafts
			Aneurysms
				Aortic Aneurysms
			Arterial Dissection
			Coarctation of Aorta
			Synthetic Arterial Substitution
			Arterial Occlusive Disease
			Cystic Adventitial Disease
			Fibromuscular Dysplasia
			Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
			Acquired Arteriovenous Fistula
			Arteriovenous Malformation (Congenital)
			Thromboangiitis Obliterans
			Arteritis
				Large Vessel Arteritis
				Medium-Sized Vessel Arteritis
				Small Vessel Vasculitis
				Single Organ Vasculitis
			Tumors
				Great Vessels
				Metastatic Tumors
		Veins
			Normal Anatomy
			Thrombophlebitis and Thromboembolism
			Stasis Ulcers
			Varicose Veins
			Tumors
				Inferior Vena Cava
		Lymph Vessels
			Normal Anatomy
			Lymphedema
			Tumors
		References
Chapter 43
	43 Central Nervous System
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Normal Anatomy
		Developmental Abnormalities
			Craniospinal Dysraphism
			Neuroglial and Meningeal Heterotopias
			Choristomas and Hamartomas
			Cysts of the Central Neuraxis
		Cerebrovascular Disorders
			Cerebral Infarction
			Intracranial Aneurysms
			Vascular Malformations
			Primary Angiitis
			Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
			Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy and the Autosomal Recessive Variant
			Epidural Hematoma
			Subdural Hematoma
		Inflammatory Diseases
			Demyelinating Diseases
			Noninfectious Inflammatory and Reactive Disorders, Xanthomatous Lesions, and “Histiocytoses”
		Infectious Diseases
			Bacterial Infections
			Mycoses
			Parasitoses
			Spirochetal Infections
			Viral Infections
				Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
				Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
				Varicella-Zoster Virus Encephalitis and Cerebral Vasculitis
				Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Encephalomyelitis
			Prion-Associated Diseases
		Primary Tumors
			Glial Tumors
				Diffuse (Astrocytic and Oligodendroglial) Gliomas
					Diffusely Infiltrating Astrocytomas of Either IDH–Mutant Type or IDH–Wildtype
						Predisposing Factors.
					Gliosarcoma (the GBM Variant) and Other “Gliomesenchymal” Tumors
					Other Glioblastoma Variants and Patterns
						Prognostic/Predictive Variables.
					Oligodendrogliomas, IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q-Codeleted (and Its Rare Pediatric Counterpart)
					Mixed Gliomas
					Gliomatosis Cerebri
				Non-Diffuse Astrocytoma Variants
					Pilocytic Astrocytomas
					Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma
					Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
					Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (Tuberous Sclerosis)
					Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma
				Ependymal Tumors
				Other Gliomas
					Astroblastoma
					Chordoid Glioma of the Third Ventricle
					Angiocentric Glioma
			Choroid Plexus Tumors
			Neuronal and Glioneuronal Tumors
				Gangliocytoma and Ganglioglioma
				Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma/Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma
				Central Neurocytoma and Extraventricular Neurocytic Neoplasms
				Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor
				Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor
				Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor
				Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor
				Multinodular and Vacuolating Neuronal Tumor
				Hypothalamic Neuronal Hamartoma
				Glioneuronal Hamartomas, Cortical Dysplasias, and Other Epileptogenic Lesions
				Dysplastic Gangliocytoma of the Cerebellum (Lhermitte–Duclos Disease)
				Other Glioneuronal Neoplasms
			Embryonal Tumors
			Medulloblastoma and Its Variants
				Integrated/Molecular Medulloblastoma Diagnoses (Variants)
				Medulloblastoma Histopathology and Recognized Variants
					Clinical Variables
				Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes
				Medulloepithelioma
				Central Nervous System Neuroblastic Tumors
					“Polar Spongioblastoma”
				Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor
				Assorted Primitive Neuronal Tumors
			Pineal Parenchymal Tumors
			Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region
			Meningiomas
			Nonmeningothelial Mesenchymal Tumors
				Meningeal Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma
				Fibroblastic, Myofibroblastic, and “Fibrohistiocytic” Tumors
				Lipoma and Liposarcoma
				Osseous and Cartilaginous Tumors
				Endothelial Tumors
				Myogenous Tumors
				Other Mesenchymal Tumors
			Nerve Sheath Tumors of the Craniospinal Axis
			Lymphoproliferative, Histiocytic, and Myeloproliferative Disorders
			Germ Cell Tumors
			Melanocytic Tumors
			Paraganglioma
			Chordoma
			Hemangioblastoma (von Hippel–Lindau Disease)
			Other Primary Tumors
		Secondary/Metastatic Tumors
		Acknowledgments
		References
Chapter 44
	44 Pituitary Gland
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Overview of Sellar Region Masses
			Embryologic Origins of Anterior and Posterior Pituitary Gland
			Anterior Pituitary Hormones and Transcription Factors
			Normal Pituitary Cell Types
		Pituitary Adenomas
			General Features
				Necessity of Subtyping of Pituitary Adenomas
				Correlation of Immunohistochemistry With Clinical Features and Serum Hormone Levels
				Clinically Nonfunctional/Clinically Silent Adenoma Versus Hormone-Negative Adenoma
			Grading, Size, Invasiveness, and MIB-1 Labeling Rate (Designation of “Atypical” No Longer Utilized)
				Invasiveness
				Designation of Atypical Adenomas No Longer Utilized in WHO 2017
			Intraoperative Evaluation, Immunohistochemistry, and Electron Microscopy
			Histologic Features of Adenoma Subtypes
				Gonadotroph Adenoma
				Hormone-Negative Adenoma
				Somatotroph Adenoma
				Mixed Growth Hormone and Prolactin Adenoma, Mammosomatotroph Cell Adenoma
				Lactotroph Adenoma
				Corticotroph Adenoma
				Thyroid Stimulating Hormone–Producing Adenoma
				Plurihormonal PIT1-Positive Adenoma (Formerly Silent Subtype 3 Adenoma) and Other Unusual Plurihormonal Adenoma Types
			Ectopic Pituitary Adenoma
			Pituitary Apoplexy
		Mixed Pituitary Adenoma–Gangliocytoma
		Pituitary Carcinoma
		Rathke Cleft Cyst
		Hypophysitis
		Craniopharyngioma
		Pituicytoma, Spindle Cell Oncocytoma, and Granular Cell Tumor of Neurohypophysis
		Metastatic Tumors
		Acknowledgments
		References
Chapter 45
	45 Eye and Ocular Adnexa
		Abstract
		Keywords
		Chapter Contents
		Introduction
		Normal Anatomy
		Eyelids
			Developmental Anomalies
			Inflammation
				Chalazion
			Cysts
			Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions
				Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions of Surface Epithelium
					Adnexal Tumors
				Melanocytic Tumors
				Lymphoid Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
				Mesenchymal Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
				Metastatic Tumors
		Lacrimal Gland
			Mikulicz Disease (IgG4-Related Disease)
			Sjögren Syndrome
			Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Lacrimal Passages
			Canaliculitis and Dacryocystitis
			Mucocele
			Dacryolithiasis
			Tumors
		Orbit
			Thyroid Ophthalmopathy
			Inflammatory Processes
			Primary Tumors
				Mesenchymal Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
				Glioma of Optic Nerve
				Meningioma
				Lymphoid Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
			Metastatic Tumors
		Conjunctiva
			Developmental Anomalies
			Cysts
			Degeneration
			Graft-Versus-Host Disease
			Inflammation
			Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
				Epithelial Tumors
				Melanocytic Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
				Lymphoid Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
				Other Tumors
		Intraocular Tissues
			Malignant Melanoma
				General and Clinical Features
				Microscopic Features
				Immunohistochemical and Molecular Genetic Features
				Spread and Metastases
				Treatment
				Prognosis
			Retinoblastoma and Related Lesions
				General Features
				Clinical and Gross Features
				Microscopic Features
				Electron Microscopic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Genetic Features
				Spread and Metastases
				Treatment
				Prognosis
			Lymphoid Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
			Other Primary Tumors
			Metastatic Tumors
			Cytology
		References