Rome in America: Transnational Catholic Ideology from the Risorgimento to Fascism

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Notes......Page 333
Introduction: Whose Rome? Whose Italy?......Page 16
Transnational Perspectives on American Religious History......Page 18
American History in a Global Age......Page 22
Social Theory and Ideology......Page 23
Chronology and Overview......Page 26
Part I. Intransigence, 1848–1914......Page 32
1. The Roman Question: The Battle for Civilization, 1815–1878......Page 34
The Neoguelf Origins of the Ideology of the Roman Question......Page 35
Roman Revolution, Republic, and Reverberations in America, 1848–1850......Page 41
Catholic Intransigence and Revival in the 1850s......Page 46
The Kingdom of Italy in the 1860s......Page 52
The 20th of September 1870......Page 60
Notes......Page 335
2. The Transnational Symbolic Contest for Rome, 1878–1914......Page 68
Pope Leo’s Policy in Italy and the World......Page 69
The Italian Nation Abroad......Page 73
Burying the Usurpers......Page 75
New Symbols of Liberal Italy: Francesco Crispi and Giordano Bruno......Page 82
The 20th of September......Page 89
The Vittoriano......Page 95
Notes......Page 339
3. The Mayor of Rome Is an ‘‘Atheist Jew,’’ 1910–1914......Page 99
The International Protests of 1910 and 1911......Page 100
Tension within the Ideology of the Roman Question......Page 106
American Catholic Protests of 1914......Page 108
Notes......Page 344
Part II. Transformation, 1914–1929......Page 116
4. The Great War: ‘‘Keep the Roman Question Alive,’’ 1914–1920......Page 118
Vatican Neutrality and Allied Anxiety......Page 120
U.S. Neutrality and American Catholics......Page 126
The Peace Note of August 1917, Caporetto, and the American Church at War......Page 130
1918: The Catholic Campaign against Article XV......Page 135
The Postwar Quest to Resolve the Roman Question......Page 140
The Fiume Mission of the American Episcopacy......Page 142
Notes......Page 347
5. The Church Encounters the Order Sons of Italy in America, 1913–1921......Page 147
Masonic Juggernaut or Italian Knights of Columbus?......Page 148
The Underside of Italian Clerical Migration......Page 150
Three Catholic Responses to the Order Sons of Italy......Page 153
First Contact with the Order Sons of Italy......Page 156
Toward a Catholic Alternative to the OSIA......Page 162
Antonio Bove of Providence......Page 165
The Demise of Intransigence and the Victory of a Mediating Ideology......Page 169
Notes......Page 351
6. Catholics Meet Mussolini: ‘‘The Chosen Instrument in the Hands of Divine Providence,’’ 1919–1929......Page 173
Ideology Trumps Utilitarianism and Theology......Page 174
The Financial Dimension......Page 176
The Crisis of Italian Liberalism and the Rise of Fascism......Page 182
American Catholic Rituals of Reconciliation with Fascist Italy......Page 189
Clerico-Fascism in the United States......Page 198
American Catholics Respond to Papal Signals......Page 200
Catholics and Other Americans, 1927–1929......Page 204
Notes......Page 355
Part III. Realization, 1929–1940......Page 210
7. The Lateran Pacts of 1929 and the Crisis of 1931: Defending ‘‘The Holy Island’’......Page 212
The Lateran Pacts and the Culti Ammessi Debate......Page 213
Good News from Rome......Page 217
Mainline Protestants: ‘‘More Prince’’ and ‘‘Less Priest’’......Page 221
‘‘Is the Antichrist at Hand?’’: Mussolini and the Pope in Bible Prophecy......Page 224
‘‘In Italy the Jew Is Free’’: American Jews and Fascist Italy......Page 226
Intellectuals Debate the Lateran Pacts......Page 229
The Crisis of 1931......Page 238
Notes......Page 360
8. Preaching Fascism and American Religious Politics......Page 245
Fasci all’estero and Consuls in the 1920s......Page 246
Fascist Consuls and Protestantism......Page 251
English-Speaking American Catholics and Fascist Italy......Page 255
Italian American Catholics and Fascist Italy......Page 266
Notes......Page 364
9. Stubborn and Lonely: American Catholic Anti-Fascists......Page 273
James Gillis: A Pugnacious Paulist Howls in the Wilderness......Page 274
Giuseppe Ciarrocchi: On Christian and American Democracy......Page 282
Ciarrocchi’s Vision......Page 287
Vatican Intervention......Page 290
Notes......Page 368
10. Parish Conflicts: The Church and Fascist Italy Manage ‘‘All Spirit of Rebellion’’......Page 297
The ‘‘Italian Church’’ Overlaps with the ‘‘American Church’’......Page 298
The Missionaries of the Sacred Heart and Italians in Rhode Island......Page 300
The Fathers of Our Lady of Mercy and the Italians in Cleveland......Page 309
Notes......Page 371
Epilogue......Page 319
Remembering the Catholic Past: Re.ections on American Catholic Exceptionalism......Page 324
Notes......Page 373
Abbreviations......Page 332
Bibliography......Page 376
A-B......Page 398
C......Page 399
D-F......Page 400
G-H......Page 401
I-L......Page 402
M......Page 403
N-P......Page 404
Q-R......Page 405
S-T......Page 406
U-W......Page 407
Z......Page 408