Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction

Romance languages......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Acknowledgements......Page 11
Introduction......Page 13
1.1.1 Why word stress matters......Page 17
1.1.3 Dividing syllables in Latin......Page 18
1.1.4 The Penultimate Rule......Page 19
1.2 Stressed vowels: the (almost) pan-Romance seven-vowel system......Page 20
1.2.1 How the stressed vowel system changed......Page 21
1.2.2 Extremes of the vowel triangle: i, u, a......Page 24
1.2.4 The high mid vowels......Page 25
1.2.5 The low mid vowels......Page 27
1.2.6 Review: primary diphthongs......Page 29
1.2.7 Stressed vowels in another perspective......Page 30
1.3.2 Spanish: raising effects......Page 31
1.3.3 French: stressed vowel before nasal consonant......Page 32
1.4.2 The fate of the three Latin diphthongs......Page 35
Exercises......Page 36
2.1.1 Treatment of /s/ + consonant......Page 38
2.1.2 Living versus dead rules......Page 39
2.2.1 General patterns of syncope......Page 40
2.2.2  New clusters from syncope: nasal + liquid......Page 41
2.2.3 New clusters from syncope: nasal + nasal......Page 42
2.3 Merger of /b/ and /w/......Page 43
2.3.2  Merger of /b/ and /w/......Page 44
2.4.1 Loss of /h/......Page 45
2.4.3 Loss of intervocalic /g/......Page 47
2.5 In search of Popular Latin speech......Page 48
2.5.2 The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum......Page 49
2.5.3 What the Romans said about Popular Latin......Page 50
Exercises......Page 52
3.1 Degemination......Page 56
3.2.2 Lenition of intervocalic consonants......Page 57
3.2.3 The fricative stage in Old French......Page 59
3.3.1 The fate of velarized /l/......Page 60
3.3.2 Word-initial /f/ in Spanish......Page 62
3.3.3 Weakening of /s/......Page 63
3.4.1 Word-initial fortition of /w/......Page 64
Exercises......Page 65
4.1 About palatal articulation......Page 68
4.2.2 New yods from loss of hiatus......Page 69
4.3 Yods and the growth of new consonants......Page 70
4.3.1 Original yod......Page 71
4.3.3 /g/ + front vowel......Page 72
4.3.4 Summary: the merger of /g/ before front vowels, /j/, /dj/, and /gj/......Page 73
4.3.5 /k/ + front vowel......Page 74
4.3.6 /t/ + yod and /k/ + yod......Page 75
4.3.7 Sources of palatal n (n) and palatal l (y)......Page 76
4.3.8 Palatalizing clusters with /l/......Page 77
4.3.9 Clusters /sk/ + front vowel, /skj/, and /stj/......Page 80
4.3.10 Clusters /kt/, /ks/, and /sk/......Page 81
4.3.12 Labial + yod in French......Page 83
4.4 Charles and Charlotte......Page 84
Exercises......Page 86
5.1.1 Yod effects on vowels......Page 89
5.1.2 Raising before original nasal + velar......Page 91
5.2 Yod effects in Spanish......Page 92
5.2.1 Effect of distant yod on stressed vowel......Page 93
5.2.2 Effect of adjacent yod on stressed vowel......Page 94
5.2.4 Pretonic raising as a yod effect......Page 97
5.3.1 Yod metathesis: simple cases......Page 98
5.3.2 Yod anticipation with [n] and [l]......Page 99
5.3.3 Yod from other palatalizing consonants......Page 100
5.3.4 Triphthong reduction......Page 101
5.3.5 Back vowel plus yod......Page 102
5.4.1 Nasalization......Page 103
Exercises......Page 104
6.1 Infinitives......Page 107
6.1.2 Changes in conjugation class......Page 108
6.1.3 Deponent verbs in Latin......Page 110
6.2 Present indicative in Popular versus Standard Latin......Page 111
6.3.2 Second singular in Italian......Page 112
6.3.6 Third plural in Italian......Page 113
6.4.2 Plural verbs in Spanish......Page 114
6.5.1 Singular verbs in French......Page 115
6.6.1 Allomorphy induced by stress position......Page 116
6.6.2 Metaphonic allomorphy in Spanish......Page 117
6.6.3 Allomorphy induced by consonant changes......Page 118
6.6.4 Patterns of allomorphy......Page 121
6.7 Paradigm leveling......Page 124
6.8 Paradigm disleveling......Page 128
6.9 A stem extender: -sc-......Page 130
6.10 Some truly irregular verbs: be, have, go......Page 131
6.10.1 Outcomes of esse ‘be’......Page 132
6.10.3 The verb ‘go’......Page 133
Exercises......Page 135
7.1.1 About perfectum stems......Page 139
7.1.2 Presence or absence of thematic vowel......Page 141
7.2.1 Old categories retaining original morphology......Page 142
7.2.2 Old categories with non-original morphology......Page 143
7.2.3 New categories......Page 144
7.3.1 Present subjunctive in Italian......Page 145
7.3.2 Present subjunctive in Spanish......Page 148
7.3.3 Present subjunctive in French......Page 149
7.4.1 Imperfect indicative in Italian......Page 152
7.4.3 Imperfect indicative in French......Page 154
7.5 Perfect indicative: Romance synthetic past......Page 156
7.5.1 Italian passato remoto: weak forms......Page 157
7.5.2 Spanish pretérito: weak forms......Page 158
7.5.3 French passé simple: weak forms......Page 159
7.5.4 The strong perfect: pan-Romance trends......Page 161
7.5.5 Italian passato remoto: strong forms......Page 162
7.5.6 Spanish pretérito: strong forms......Page 165
7.5.7 French passé simple: the fate of the strong forms......Page 167
7.6 Imperfect subjunctive......Page 170
7.6.1 The imperfect subjunctive in Italian......Page 171
7.6.2 Imperfect subjunctive in Spanish......Page 172
7.6.3 Imperfect subjunctive in Old French......Page 173
7.7 Future subjunctive......Page 174
7.8 Future and conditional......Page 175
7.8.1 The main Romance future......Page 176
7.8.2 Relics of the original Latin future......Page 178
7.8.4 The invention of a new mood: conditional......Page 179
7.9.1 Genesis of the periphrastic perfect......Page 181
7.9.3 Competition between synthetic and periphrastic forms......Page 183
7.9.4 Morphosyntax of the periphrastic past......Page 184
7.10 The passive voice......Page 186
7.11.1 Retention of strong participles......Page 188
7.11.2 New weak participles......Page 189
7.11.3 Past participles and reflexes of the strong perfects: an analogical pas de deux......Page 190
Exercises......Page 192
8.1 The starting-point: Latin noun and adjective morphology......Page 197
8.2.1 The fourth declension dissolves......Page 198
8.3.1 Loss of oblique cases......Page 199
8.4 Romance noun and adjective morphology......Page 200
8.4.1 Nouns and adjectives in Italian......Page 201
8.4.3 Nouns and adjectives in French......Page 202
8.5.1 From neuter to masculine......Page 204
8.5.2 From neuter to feminine......Page 205
8.5.3 Ambigeneric nouns......Page 206
8.6 Toward gender marking......Page 207
8.7 Imparisyllabic nouns and adjectives......Page 208
8.8.1 First and second person pronouns......Page 210
8.8.2 Third person pronouns in pre-Romance......Page 211
8.8.3 Third person pronouns in Romance......Page 213
8.9 Birth of the definite article......Page 215
Exercises......Page 218
9.1.1 Extremes of the vowel triangle: i, u, a......Page 221
9.1.4 The Latin diphthongs......Page 223
9.2.2 Diphthongs from palatalization and raising......Page 224
9.2.3 Diphthongs /ow/ and /oj/......Page 226
9.3 More on stressed vowels: nasalization......Page 227
9.3.4 Diphthongization......Page 228
9.5.1 Prosthesis......Page 229
9.5.3 Merger of /b/ and /w/......Page 230
9.6.1 Degemination......Page 231
9.6.2 Lenition......Page 232
9.6.4 Loss of /l/ and /n/......Page 233
9.7.2 /d/ + yod and /g/ + yod......Page 234
9.7.5 /t/ + yod and /k/ + yod......Page 235
9.7.6 Palatals /n/ and /y/......Page 236
9.7.7 Palatalizing clusters with /l/......Page 237
9.7.9 Clusters /kt/ and /ks/......Page 239
9.8.2 Recategorizing nouns......Page 240
9.8.4 Metaphony in nouns......Page 242
9.8.5 Metaphony in adjectives......Page 243
9.8.7 Pronouns......Page 244
9.10 Verb morphology: present indicative......Page 246
9.10.3 Stress-based allomorphy in class I......Page 247
9.10.4 Metaphony in the first singular......Page 248
9.10.5 Stem allomorphy induced by consonant changes......Page 250
9.10.6 Patterns of allomorphy: summary......Page 251
9.12 A stem extender: -sc-......Page 252
9.13.2 Outcome of habere ‘have’......Page 253
9.14.1 Present subjunctive......Page 254
9.14.2 Imperfect......Page 255
9.14.3 Preterite......Page 256
9.14.4 Pluperfect......Page 257
9.15.1 Future and conditional......Page 258
9.15.2 Periphrastic perfects......Page 259
9.16.1 Inflected infinitive......Page 260
9.16.2 Future subjunctive......Page 261
Exercises......Page 262
10.1.1 Stressed vowels from Latin to Romanian......Page 264
10.1.3 Diphthongs induced by metaphony......Page 266
10.1.4 Interaction of old and new diphthongs......Page 267
10.1.6 Raising before nasals......Page 268
10.1.7 Sources of central vowels /i/ and /e/......Page 269
10.1.8 Word-final vowels......Page 271
10.2.2 Absence of lenition......Page 272
10.3.1 Before /i/ or /j/ only......Page 273
10.3.3 Consonant + /i/ word-finally......Page 274
10.4 Other consonant changes......Page 275
10.4.1 Consonant losses......Page 276
10.4.2 The labial conspiracy......Page 277
10.4.3 Rhotacism of intervocalic [l]......Page 278
10.5 Present indicative and subjunctive......Page 279
10.5.1 Personal endings......Page 280
10.5.2 Patterns of allomorphy, paradigm leveling and disleveling......Page 281
10.5.4 The verbs be, have, want......Page 284
10.6 Verb morphology: systemic reorganization......Page 286
10.6.2 Future and conditional......Page 287
10.6.3 Periphrastic perfects......Page 288
10.6.4 Past participles and preterites......Page 289
10.6.5 Pluperfect......Page 290
10.7.1 The Romanian case system......Page 291
10.7.2 Ambigenerics......Page 294
10.7.4 Pronoun morphology......Page 295
Exercises......Page 296
11.1 Lexical competition and replacement......Page 299
11.2.1 Verb-forming suffixes......Page 301
11.2.2 Frequentatives......Page 302
11.2.3 Derivation with verb prefixes......Page 303
11.2.4 Noun-forming suffixes: old and new......Page 304
11.2.5 Faded diminutive suffixes......Page 307
11.2.6 From adjectives to nouns......Page 308
11.2.7 From past participles to nouns......Page 309
11.2.8 Adjective-forming suffixes: old and new......Page 311
11.3 Cycles of added and lost meaning......Page 312
11.3.1 Demonstrative adjectives......Page 313
11.3.2 Negatives......Page 315
11.4.1 Resegmentation with articles......Page 316
11.4.3 Back formation......Page 317
11.5 Loan words......Page 318
11.5.2 Greek......Page 319
11.5.3 Germanic......Page 320
11.5.5 Slavic......Page 322
11.5.6 Romance cross-borrowing and reborrowing from Latin......Page 323
11.5.7 Other sources......Page 325
	Exercises......Page 326
12.1.1 The social setting......Page 329
12.1.2 Medieval diglossia and scribal behavior......Page 330
12.1.3 Glosses of Reichenau......Page 331
12.1.4 Glosses of Kassel......Page 332
12.1.5 Emerging awareness of the new languages......Page 333
12.2.1 The Oaths of Strasbourg (842)......Page 335
12.2.2 The Cassino Depositions (960 and 963)......Page 338
12.2.3 The Glosses of San Millán (900s)......Page 339
12.2.4 The Sanchiz Act of Partition (1192)......Page 340
12.2.5 Neacşu’s letter (1521)......Page 341
12.3.1 French......Page 342
12.3.2 Italian......Page 343
12.3.3 Spanish and Portuguese......Page 344
12.3.4 Romanian......Page 346
	Exercises......Page 347
2 Early changes in syllable structure and consonants......Page 351
4 New palatal consonants......Page 352
5 More about vowels: raising, yod effects, and nasalization......Page 353
6 Verb morphology: the present indicative......Page 354
7 Verb morphology: systemic reorganization......Page 355
8 Noun and adjective morphology......Page 358
10 History and structure of Romanian: an overview......Page 360
11 Formation of the Romance lexicon......Page 362
12 Emergence of the Romance vernaculars......Page 363
Glossary of linguistic terms......Page 365
Suggestions for further reading......Page 372
Works cited......Page 376
Index......Page 384