Rod Machado's Instrument Pilot's eHandbook, 2nd edition

Front Cover
Back Cover
Introduction-Contents
	Book Information
	Contents
	Acknowledgments
	Foreword
	Dedication
	About the Author
	Introduction
Chapter 1 - Starting Your Instrument Rating
	An Instrument Rating?
	What It Takes to Obtain an Instrument Rating
	Meeting the Instrument Cross Country Requirement
	Aviation Training Devices (ATDs)
	Flight Training Devices (FTDs)
	Part 141 and a Part 61 Flight Schools
	A Plane of Fame in Which to Train?
	Glass Cockpits vs. Analog Gauges?
	How Often Should You Train?
	Accelerated Instrument Rating Programs
	To Fly Glass, or Not to Fly Glass
	Using PC-Based Simulations
Chapter 2 - Your Flight Instruments
	The Six Basic Flight Instruments
	Primary Flight Display Instruments
	The Airspeed Indicator
		The Static Port
		Pitot Tubes
		Airspeed Errors
		The Airspeed Indicator’s Face
		Digital Airspeed Readouts on PFDs
		Operating Maneuvering Speed
		Gear Operating Speeds
		Should Turbulence Scare You
		The Airplane’s Gust/Stress Envelope
		Indicated Airspeed
		Calibrated Airspeed
		True Airspeed
		Equivalent Airspeed
	The Altimeter
		How a Mercury Barometer Works
		Radar Altimeters
		The Altimeter Setting
		How Temperature Affects the Altimeter
		Pressure Altitude
		Altitude Encoders
		Reading the Altimeter
	PFD Trend Lines
	The Vertical Speed Indicator
	Alternate Static Source
	The Gyroscopic Instruments
	Synthetic Vision
	The Attitude Indicator
		Attitude Indicator Errors
		Gyroscopic Precession
		Vacuum Pump Failure
	Attitude and Heading Reference System
	The Heading Indicator
	The Turn Coordinator
		Standard Rate Turn
	Three Ring Laser Gyro
	The Magnetic Compass
		Magnetic Dip
		Acceleration and DecelerationError
		Turning Errors
	The Remote Indicating Compass (RIC)
Chapter 3 - A Plan for the Scan
	Training Frequency
	Fundamental Skills of Attitude Instrument Flying
		Instrument Cross-Check
		Instrument Interpretation
		Aircraft (Airplane) Control
		Instrument Omission
	The Primary Flight Display (PFD) and the Instrument Scan
	Control and Performance Concept
	The Primary/Supporting Method
		The E-Z-2-Use Scan System
		Supporting Instruments For Straight and Level Flight
		Primary Instruments ForStraight and Level Flight
		Primary/Supporting Instruments Chart
		Primary/Supporting Instruments For a Level Turn
		Primary/Supporting Instruments For a Straight Climb
		Primary/Supporting Instruments For a Constant Rate Descent
		Primary/Supporting Power InstrumentsFor Airspeed Change in Level Flight
		Primary/Supporting Instruments Entering a Climb from S&L Flight
		Primary/Supporting Instruments Entering a Level Turn from S&L
	Instrument Scanning: Doing the Three-Step
		Step 1 of the Three-Step Scan
		Step 2 of the Scan
		Step 3 of the Scan
		The Big-6 Instruments
		Rectangular Cross Checking the Big-6 Instruments
		Radial Cross-Checking for Straight and Level Flight
		Radial Cross-Checking for a Level Turn
		Radial Cross-Checking for a Straight, Constant Airspeed Climb or ConstantAirspeed Descent
		Radial Cross-Checking for a ConstantAirspeed, Climbing or Descending Turn
	Triangles of Agreement
	The Flight Director System
	Partial Panel Flying
	Correcting Small Altitude and Heading Deviations
	Steep Turns
	Vacuum Pump Failures
	Partial Panel Instrument Loss
	Unusual Attitudes and Their Recoveries
		Nose-High Unusual Attitude Recovery
		Nose-Low Unusual Attitude Recovery
	Postflight Briefing #3-1
		Attitude and Airspeed Transitions
			Transitioning From a Turn to Straight and Level Flight
			Transitioning From Straight and Level to a Straight Climb
			Transitioning From Straight and Level to a Straight Descent (Constant Airspeed)
			Increasing or Decreasing Airspeed WhileIn Straight and Level Flight
			Transitioning From Straight and Level Flight to a Descending Turn
			Leveling Off from a Climb or a Descent
				Radial Cross-Checking for a Constant Rate Descent
	Postflight Briefing #3-2
		Stop and Return Localizer Needle Technique
	Postflight Briefing #3-3
		ILS Flying Tips and Techniques
Chapter 4 - Humans - The Plane Brain
	Psychological Factors
		Two Types of Decisions
		Memories
		Factors That Influence Our Decisions
			Knowledge
			Skill
		Self Awareness and Hazardous Thinking
		Common Behavioral Pilot Traps
		Hazardous Thought Patterns & Their Antidotes
			Hazardous Attitude Antidotes
		Advanced IFR Decision Making
		Professional Operations
			Being Pilot In Command
			Crew/Cockpit Resource Management
		Human Resources
			Hardware
			Information Workload
		Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
			Traditional Decision Making Model
			The Non-traditional ADM Model
	Physiological Factors
		Spatial Disorientation
			Acceleration AndThe Inner Ear
			False Horizons
			Major In-flight Illusions
			How Centrifugal Force Affects You
			How to Cope With Spatial Disorientation
		Flight Vision
			Structure of the Human Eye
			Night Vision
			The Parallax Effect
			Aging and Night Vision
			Haze and Collision Avoidance
			Scanning for Traffic During the Day
			The Sector Scanning Method
			Airplanes Converging Head On
			Night Scanning For Traffic
		Airplane Blind Spots
		Optical Illusions
			Runway Width Illusion
			Runway Slope Illusion
			Featureless Terrain Illusion
			Water Refraction
			Haze
			Fog
			Ground Lighting Illusions
			Vision Under Dim and Bright Illumination
		Hypoxia: Low O, Too
		Hyperventilation
		Carbon Monoxide
		Toynbee Maneuver
		FAA Policy for Medication Usage
		Your Stress Index
Chapter 5 - Electronic Navigation
	Electronics 101
	Radio Frequency Spectrum
	VOR Navigation
		Your VOR Equipment
		The Horizontal Situation Indicator
		How to Navigate with VOR
		VOR Radials Widths and Deflections
		HSI Needle Indications
		Intercepting a VOR Course
		Flying from the VOR on a Selected Course
		Dual VORs for Position Fixing
		VOR Service Volumes
		Reverse Sensing
		HSI and Reverse Sensing - Not!
		Time-Distance to a VOR Station
		Tracking a VOR Course
		Wind Ccrrection While Tracking a VOR Course Inbound
		Wind Correction While Tracking a VOR Course Outbound
		VOT - VOR Test Signals
		VOR Ground and Airborne Test Signals
	Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
		DME Arcs
		Flying DME Arcs
		Using the RMI to fly DME Arcs
	The ILS or Instrument Landing System
		The Localizer
		Localizer Width and Details
		The Glideslope
		The Touchdown Zone
		The Marker Beacons
		The Approach Lighting System (ALS)
	Simplified Directional Facility (SDF)
	Localizer Type Directional Aid (LDA)
	Area Navigation–RNAV
		RNAV Based on VOR/DME
		The Global Positioning System – GPS
			Important GPS Navigation Terms
			How GPS Works Inside
			GPS Flight Plans
			GPS Instrument Approaches
	Postflight Briefing #5-1
		The Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
		ADF
		Advanced ADF Navigation
	Postflight Briefing #5-2
		Antenna’s Galore
Chapter 6 - Holding Patterns
	The Holding Pattern Inbound Leg
	The Holding Pattern Outbound Leg
	Timing the Outbound Leg
	Timing the Inbound Leg
	Timed Approaches From a Holding Fix
	Holding Above 14,000’ MSL
	No Wind Holding
	Adjusting the Outbound Leg
	Timing the Holding Pattern
	DME/GPS “Mileage Legs” Holding
	Maximum Holding Speeds
	Holding Drift Correction
	Holding Pattern Drift Correction
	The Steps to Holding
		Heading Your Way: Step One
		Order: Step Two
		Chart Art: The Third Step
	Holding Pattern Strategy
		Question One
		Question Two
		Question Three
		Question Four
	Holding Pattern Entries
		The Direct Entry
		The Parallel Entry
		The Teardrop Entry
		The Plastic Overlay Method
		The Holding Pattern Entry Decoder
	Postflight Briefing #6-1
		Hold Everything
	Postflight Briefing #6-2
		Practice
Chapter 7 - How the IFR System Works
	In the Beginning
	Enter ATC
	Shrimp Boats in Flight
	Air Traffic Control Today
	ARTCC Coverage in the U.S.
	ARTCC Boundaries on an IFR Enroute Chart
	Radar Separation Standards
	Required Reports to ATC
	Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast
	Primary Radar Returns
	Secondary Radar Returns
	An Air Traffic Control Clearance
	Basic VFR Weather Minimums
		Controlled and Uncontrolled Airspace
		Basic VFR Weather Minimums
		Where Class E Airspace Begins
		Class G (Uncontrolled) Airspace
		Minimum Altitudes and Class G
		Where Controlled Airspace is Found
		Airports In Uncontrolled Airspace
	Center, Tracon and Rapcons
	IFR Departures Into Class G Airspace
	Free Flight
	Filing an IFR Flight Plan
	Non-Tower Airport Departures
	Tower Enroute Control
	Low Altitude Preferred IFR Routes
	Postflight Briefing #7-1
		GPS Routes by Pilots
Chapter 8 - The FARs Rule
	FAR Part 61
		FAR 61.3–Requirement for Certificates, Ratings, & Authorizations
		FAR 61.51—Pilot Logbooks
		A Legal Interpretation: Logging Actual Instrument Conditions
		FAR 61.57–Recency of Experience: Pilot in Command
		Instrument Currency in Practice
		FAR 61.133–Commercial Pilot Privileges and Limitations
	FAR Part 91- General
		FAR 91.3–Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command
		What Can a Commercial Pilot Actually Do?
		FAR 91.21–Portable Electronic Devices
		FAR 91.103–Preflight Action
			Temporary Flight Restrictions Airspace
		FAR 91.119—Minimum Safe Altitudes
		FAR 91.121–Altimeter Settings
		FAR 91.123 – Compliance with ATC Clearance and Instructions
		FAR 91.126 Operating On or in the Vicinity of an Airport on Class G Airspace
		FAR 91.127 Operations On or in the Vicinity of an Airport In Class E Airspace
		FAR 91.129 Operations in Class D Airspace
		FAR 91.130—Operations in Class C Airspace
		FAR 91.131 Operations in Class B Airspace
		FAR 91.135—Operations in Class A Airspace
		Visual Flight Rules
		FAR 91.155—Basic VFR Weather Minimums
		FAR 91.157–Special VFR Weather Minimums
		Instrument Flight Rules
		FAR 91.169—IFR Flight Plan: Information Required
		Using a GPS Approach at an Alternate Airport
		The Reasoning Behind 800-2 and 600-2
		Non-standard Alternate Minimums
		FAR 91.171–VOR Equipment Check for IFR Operations
		FAR 91.173–ATC Clearance and Flight Plan Required
		FAR 91.175–Takeoff and Landing Under IFR
		FAR 91.177—Minimum Altitudes for IFR Operations
		FAR 91.183—IFR Radio Communication
		FAR 91.185—IFR Operations: Two-way Radio Comm Failure
		FAR 91.187—Operation Under IFR in Controlled Airspace: Malfunction Reports
		FAR 91.205—Instrument and Equipment Requirements
		FAR 91.211—Use of Supplemental Oxygen
		FAR 91.215—ATC Transponder and Altitude Reporting Equipment and Use
		FAR 91.411—Altimeter System and Altitude Reporting Equipment Tests and Inspections
		FAR 91.413—ATC TransponderTests and Inspections
	NTSB Regulations
		NTSB 830.2—Definitions
		NTSB 830.5—Immediate Notification
		NTSB 830.10—Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail, Cargo, and Records
		NTSB 830.15 Reports and Statements to Be Filed
	Postflight Briefing #8-1
	Inoperative Equipment:
Chapter 9 - IFR Aviation Weather Theory
	Atmospheric Circulation
	The Coriolis Force
	Air Pressure and Vertical Air Movement
	Getting Water Into the Air
		Water Content of Warm and Cold Air
		Relative Humidity
		The Dewpoint
		Condensation and Cloud Formation
	Lapse Rates and Temperature Inversions
		Temperature Inversions
		Effects of Temperature Inversions
		What to Expect in an Inversion
	Atmospheric Stability: Warm Over Cold and Cold Over Warm
		The Ambient Lapse Rate
		Rising Parcels of Air
		Adiabatic Cooling
		Saturated Parcels of Rising Air
		Clouds and Atmospheric Stability
	Cloud Families
	High and Low Pressure Areas
		Sea and Land Breeze Circulation
		Highs and Lows on Weather Maps
		Circulation in Highs and Lows
		Weather Associated With Highs and Lows
		Ridges and Troughs
	Frontal Systems
		The Cut Off Low
		The Polar Front
		Different Types of Fronts
		Discontinuities Across a Front
		Cold Front Characteristics
		Two Types of Cold Fronts
		Squall Line Thunderstorms
		Warm Fronts
		Stationary Fronts
	Jet Stream
	Thunderstorms
		Thunderstorm Types
		Squall Lines
		Thunderstorm Turbulence
		Virga
		Thunderstorm Avoidance
		Lightning
		Microbursts
		Turbulence and Wind Shear
	Mountain Waves
	Temperature Inversions and Wind Shear
	Fog
	The Two Conditions for Ice Formation
		Clear and Rime Ice
		Mixed Clear and Rime Icing
		Icing Intensities
		Icing Forecasts
	Postflight Briefing #9-1
		Wave Cyclones (Frontal Waves)
		Wave Cyclone Weather Patterns
		Cold Occlusions
		Warm Occlusions
	Postflight Briefing #9-2
		The Adiabatic Chart
	Postflight Briefing #9-3
		A Convective Question
		Turbulence Probability Chart
		Airborne Weather Radar Display Levels
		Airborne Weather Radar
		NEXRAD
	Postflight Briefing #9-4
		Center’s WARP Weather Information
		WARP Precipitation Levels
		Airport Surveillance Radar (Approach Control) Weather Info
		ASR’s STARs Wx Levels
Chapter 10 - IFR Weather Charts
	Aviation Weather Services
	The Telephone Briefing
	Other Sources of Weather Information
	HIWAS
	ADS-B - Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast
	Center Weather Advisory (CWA)
	Aviation Routine Weather Reports (METAR)
	Automatic Weather Observing Programs
	Aviation Terminal Forecasts (TAFs)
	Aviation Area Forecasts (FA)
	Winds Aloft Forecasts (FD)
	Weather Depiction Chart
	Radar Summary Chart
	Radar Weather Report (SD)
	Low-Level Significant Weather Prognostic Chart
	Convective (Severe) Weather Outlook Chart
	Convective Outlook (AC)
	Surface Analysis
	The Constant Pressure Chart
	High-Level Significant Weather Prog Chart
	Observed Winds Aloft Chart
	In-flight Aviation Weather Advisories
	SIGMET (WS)
	AIRMET (WA)
	Pilot Reports (PIREPs)
	Reporting Turbulence
	Putting It All Together
Chapter 11 - Understanding Approach Charts
	The Origin of Approach Charts
	How the FAA Builds an Approach Chart
	The Big “Approach Chart” Picture
	Approaches to a Specific Runway
	Approaches to an Airport
	Terrain Considerations
	Getting Reversed on Course
	Procedure Turn Limitations
	Holding Patterns in Lieu of a Procedure Turn
	Feeder Routes
	The Five Segments of an Instrument Approach
	Charting Scale
	The Enroute/Feeder Facilities Ring
	MSAs—Minimum Sector Altitudes
	The MAP or Missed Approach Point
	Descent Below MDA
	Airport Sketches and Time/Distance Tables
	The Landing Minimums Section
	MDAs—Minimum Descent Altitudes
	The Minimum In-Flight Visibility Requirement
	HAT—Height Above Touchdown
	Aircraft Approach Categories
	Circling to Land
	HAA—Height Above Airport
	Chart Amendment Numbers
	Designing The Missed Approach Procedure
	Briefing Areas and Icons
Chapter 12 - Approach Chart Analysis
	The ILS or Instrument Landing System Approach
		Cleared for the Approach
		Dead Reckoning IFR Routes
		The ILS Chart’s Profile View
		Checking the Glideslope for Accuracy
		Visibility Minimums for the ILS Approach
		Runway Visual Range
		RVR Conversion Table
		Essential Glideslope Details
	The Non-precision “Localizer” Approach
		Non-precision Approach Minimums
		Six Ts - A Verbal Checklist at the FAF
	Making an Early Missed Approach
	Circling Approach Minimums
	Inoperative Components
	Teardrop Procedure Turn
	DME Arc Transitions
	The Radar Vector Approach Clearance
	The Localizer Directional Aid Approach
	The Stepdown Fix
	NDB Approaches
	Additional Equipment for an Approach
	A No-FAF VOR Approach
	The NoPT Arrival Sector
	VDP or Visual Descent Point
	Contact and Visual Approaches
	Cleared to Cruise
	The Charted Visual Approach Procedure
	Stars: Standard Terminal Arrival Routes
	Postflight Briefing #12-1
		Side-Step Approaches
	Postflight Briefing #12-2
		Radar Approaches
		A Precision Approach (PAR)
		A No Gyro Approach
Chapter 13 - GPS Approach Charts
	GPS Approach Phases
	How GPS Approaches are Identified
	GPS Approach Construction
	Changing CDI Course Sensitivity
	Enroute CDI Sensitivity with WAAS
	Required Navigational Performance (RNP)
	Making Sense of Varying CDI Sensitivity
	Standard I Chart Format
	Standard T Chart Format
	Modified T Chart Format
	TAA Chart Format
	TAA Entry Areas
	Wide Area Augmentation System (WA AS)
	Along Track Distance (ATD)
	The RNAV Chart Minimums Section
	Limits of Hand-Held GPS
	Approach to APV Minimums
	RNAV With Only LNAV/VNAV Minimums
	WAAS Protected Horizontal Limits
	The Advisory Vertical Glideslope: LNAV+V
	LNAV/VNAV vs. LNAV Minimums
	LP or Localizer Performance Minimums
	Postflight Briefing #13-2
		RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring)
Chapter 14 - Instrument Departures
	IFR Departures Into Controlled Airspace
	Clearance Void Time
	Three Methods of Avoiding the Terror of Terrain
	Terrain Awareness and Warning System
	The ODP or Obstacle Departure Procedure
	Textual Obstacle departure Procedure
	A Graphical ODP
	Determining Climb Rates From Climb Gradients
	The SID or Standard Instrument Departure Procedure
	Non-Standard Takeoff Minimums
Chapter 15 - IFR Enroute Charts
	IFR Low Altitude Enroute Chart
	The Area Chart
	High Altitude Enroute Chart
	Military Training Routes (MTRs)
	Identifying Airports With/Without Approaches
	Special Use Airspace
	Approach Limitations
	ATC Boundaries
	Navigational Stations
	Chart Overlap
	Compulsory Reporting Points
	Holding and Intersection Identification
	Airways and Restricted Areas
	Controlled and Uncontrolled Airspace
	Airport Data Information
	Localizer Helps ID Intersections
	MEAs, MOCAs and MCAs
	MEA Changes
	OROCA - Off-Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude
	Minimum Crossing Altitudes
	Designated Mountainous Terrain
	Minimum Crossing Altitudes at VORs
	Minimum Climb Rates for MCAs
	Intersection Identification
	MRA - Minimum Reception Altitude
	MAA or Maximum Authorized Altitude
	Airway Mileage and Changeover Points
	Postflight Briefing #15-1
		GPS-only Q and T Routes
Chapter 16 - IFR Flight Planning
	IFR Pre-flight Planning
	Selection of IFR Routing
	Preferred Routes in the A/FD
	Initial Selection of IFR Routing
	TEC - Tower Enroute Control Canned Clearances
	Intersection IFR Departures
	IFR Flight Planning Chart Details
	Bakersfield to San Jose—IFR
	Flight Planning Software
	The Nav Log
	Flying Direct Routes
	Arrival and Departure Procedures
	Selecting WX Briefing and Alternate
	The Planned Route to Our Alternate
	Onboard Storm Detection Equipment
	NEXRAD Radar Data
	The DTC NEXRAD Mosaic
	National Weather Services Storm Levels
	Base Vs. Composite Reflective Imagery
	The Surface Analysis Chart
	The 12 Hour Surface Prognostic Chart
	The 24 Hour Surface Prognostic Chart
	Severe Weather Outlook
	Area Forecast: Synopsis
	Current Icing Potential Plot
	The Weather Depiction Chart
	The Radar Summary Chart
	The NWS ADDS Flight Path Tool
	Center Weather Advisory
	NOTAMS for Our Flight
	FDC NOTAMS for San Jose
	The Notice To Airmen Publication (NTAP)
	Non-Standard Alternate Minimums
	Alternate Not Authorized
	Flight Plan Items
	Commonly Used Equipment Suffixes
	Cockpit Organization
	Composite Flight Plans
	Obtaining Your IFR Clearance
	Pre Taxi Clearance Procedures
	VFR On Top
	Obtaining an IFR Clearance from an ATC Facility
	Calculating When to Begin Your Descent
Chapter 17 - IFR Pilot Potpourri
	Runway Markings
	The \"Taxi To\" Clearance
	Runway Lighting
	Airport and Runway Lighting and Markings
	Taxiway Markings
	Runway Surface Lighting
	Taxi Way Lead Off Lights
	Additional Runway Markings
	The ILS Critical Area
	Pilot Control of Airport Lighting
	Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO)
	NACO Chart Lighting Legend
	Runway End Identifier Lights
	Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)
		The 2-Bar VASI
		VASI Protected Area
		Sighting Range of Lighting Systems
		Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)
		Tricolor VASI
		PAPI - Precision Approach Path Indicator
		3-Bar VASI
	Wake Turbulence
		Wingtip Vortices
		Vortex Movement
		ATC Wake Turbulence Separation Requirements
		Wingtip Vortice Drift
	ATC Communication Procedures
	ATIS—Automatic Terminal Information Service
	Wind Effect on Traffic Calls
	Self-Announcing At Non-tower Airports
	Practice Instrument Approaches
	Traffic Alerting/Avoidance Systems
		TCAS
		TAS
		TCAD
		How Traffic Information Service (TIS) Works
		ADS-B - Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast
	Minimum Fuel Advisory
Products-Index
	The Senior Editor
	The Aviation Speakers Bureau
	The Ongoing Editor
	Rod Machado’s Private Pilot Handbook
	Private Pilot Handbook on Audio CD
	Rod Machado’s Private Pilot Workbook
	Speaking of Flying
	Defensive Flying Video/DVD
	Aviation Humor Video/DVD
	Rod Machado’s Instrument Pilot’s Survival Manual
	IFR Flying Tips & Techniques Video/DVD
	Rod Machado’s Plane Talk Book
	The Best of Rod Machado Live on 14 Audio CDs
	Ordering Page
	Index
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Glossary
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The FAA’s Suggested IFR Clearance Shorthand