Rock mechanics : for underground mining

Contents......Page 6
Preface to the third edition......Page 12
Preface to the second edition......Page 14
Preface to the first edition......Page 16
Acknowledgements......Page 18
1.1 General concepts......Page 20
1.2 Inherent complexities in rock mechanics......Page 23
1.3 Underground mining......Page 25
1.4 Functional interactions in mine engineering......Page 28
1.5 Implementation of a rock mechanics programme......Page 32
2.2 Force and stress......Page 36
2.3 Stress transformation......Page 38
2.4 Principal stresses and stress invariants......Page 42
2.5 Differential equations of static equilibrium......Page 44
2.6 Plane problems and biaxial stress......Page 45
2.7 Displacement and strain......Page 48
2.8 Principal strains......Page 52
2.10 Stress-strain relations......Page 53
2.11 Cylindrical polar co-ordinates......Page 56
2.12 Geomechanics convention......Page 58
2.13 Graphical representation of biaxial stress......Page 60
Problems......Page 62
3.1 Introduction......Page 65
3.2 Major types of structural features......Page 66
3.3 Important geomechanical properties of discontinuities......Page 70
3.4 Collecting structural data......Page 76
3.5 Presentation of structural data......Page 88
3.6 The hemispherical projection......Page 90
3.7 Rock mass classification......Page 96
Problems......Page 101
4.1 Introduction......Page 104
4.2 Concepts and definitions......Page 105
4.3 Behaviour of isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression......Page 106
4.4 Behaviour of isotropic rock material in multiaxial compression......Page 118
4.5 Strength criteria for isotropic rock material......Page 124
4.6 Strength of anisotropic rock material in triaxial compression......Page 136
4.7 Shear behaviour of discontinuities......Page 139
4.8 Models of discontinuity strength and deformation......Page 149
4.9 Behaviour of discontinuous rock masses......Page 152
Problems......Page 158
5.1 Specification of the pre-mining state of stress......Page 161
5.2 Factors influencing the in situ state of stress......Page 162
5.3 Methods of in situ stress determination......Page 166
5.4 Presentation of in situ stress measurement results......Page 175
5.5 Results of in situ stress measurements......Page 178
Problems......Page 180
6.1 Analytical methods for mine design......Page 184
6.2 Principles of classical stress analysis......Page 185
6.3 Closed-form solutions for simple excavation shapes......Page 192
6.4 Computational methods of stress analysis......Page 197
6.5 The boundary element method......Page 198
6.6 The finite element method......Page 202
6.7 The distinct element method......Page 208
6.8 Finite difference methods for continuous rock......Page 211
6.9 Linked computational schemes......Page 214
7.1 General principles of excavation design......Page 216
7.2 Zone of influence of an excavation......Page 220
7.3 Effect of planes of weakness on elastic stress distribution......Page 223
7.4 Excavation shape and boundary stresses......Page 228
7.5 Delineation of zones of rock failure......Page 232
7.6 Support and reinforcement of massive rock......Page 236
Problems......Page 240
8.1 Design factors......Page 243
8.2 Rock mass response to mining......Page 244
8.3 Roof bed deformation mechanics......Page 246
8.4 Roof design procedure for plane strain......Page 249
8.5 Roof beam analysis for large vertical deflection......Page 254
9.1 Design factors......Page 261
9.2 Identification of potential block failure modes – Block Theory......Page 262
9.3 Symmetric triangular roof prism......Page 274
9.4 Roof stability analysis for a tetrahedral block......Page 280
9.5 Design practice in blocky rock......Page 282
9.6 Stope wall design – the Mathews stability chart method......Page 285
10.1 Mechanical relevance of energy changes......Page 290
10.2 Mining consequences of energy changes......Page 294
10.3 Energy transmission in rock......Page 296
10.4 Spherical cavity in a hydrostatic stress field......Page 304
10.5 General determination of released and excess energy......Page 308
10.6 Mine stability and rockbursts......Page 312
10.7 Instability due to pillar crushing......Page 313
10.8 Thin tabular excavations......Page 318
10.9 Instability due to fault slip......Page 320
10.10 Characterisation of seismic events......Page 323
11.1 Terminology......Page 331
11.2 Support and reinforcement principles......Page 332
11.3 Rock–support interaction analysis......Page 336
11.4 Pre-reinforcement......Page 341
11.5 Support and reinforcement design......Page 345
11.6 Materials and techniques......Page 357
12.1 Mining excavations......Page 366
12.2 Rock mass response to stoping activity......Page 368
12.3 Orebody properties influencing mining method......Page 371
12.4 Underground mining methods......Page 374
12.5 Mining method selection......Page 387
13.1 Components of a supported mine structure......Page 389
13.2 Field observations of pillar performance......Page 391
13.3 Elementary analysis of pillar support......Page 394
13.4 Design of a stope-and-pillar layout......Page 403
13.5 Bearing capacity of roof and floor rocks......Page 409
13.6 The Elliot Lake room-and-pillar mines......Page 410
13.7 Stope-and-pillar design in irregular orebodies......Page 415
13.8 Open stope-and-pillar design at Mount Charlotte......Page 422
13.9 Yielding pillars......Page 424
Problems......Page 425
14.1 Techniques of artificial support......Page 427
14.2 Backfill properties and placement......Page 429
14.3 Design of mine backfill......Page 435
14.4 Cut-and-fill stoping......Page 438
14.5 Backfill applications in open and bench stoping......Page 442
14.6 Reinforcement of open stope walls......Page 447
15.2 Longwall mining in hard rock......Page 449
15.3 Longwall coal mining......Page 459
15.4 Sublevel caving......Page 472
15.5 Block caving......Page 484
Problems......Page 500
16.1 Types and effects of mining-induced subsidence......Page 503
16.2 Chimney caving......Page 505
16.3 Sinkholes in carbonate rocks......Page 514
16.4 Discontinuous subsidence associated with caving methods of mining......Page 515
16.5 Continuous subsidence due to the mining of tabular orebodies......Page 525
17.2 Explosives......Page 537
17.3 Elastic models of explosive–rock interaction......Page 540
17.4 Phenomenology of rock breakage by explosives......Page 541
17.6 Perimeter blasting......Page 546
17.7 Transient ground motion......Page 551
17.8 Dynamic performance and design of underground excavations......Page 555
17.9 Evaluation of explosive and blast performance......Page 557
18.1 The purposes and nature of monitoring rock mass performance......Page 562
18.2 Monitoring systems......Page 563
18.3 Examples of monitoring rock mass performance......Page 577
A.2 Projection of the great circle and pole to a plane......Page 587
A.3 Determination of the line of intersection of two planes......Page 588
A.4 Determination of the angle between two lines in a plane......Page 589
A.5 Determination of dip direction and true dip......Page 590
A.6 Rotation about an inclined axis......Page 591
B.1 A point load (the Kelvin equations)......Page 593
C.2 Required support line calculations......Page 594
C.3 Available support line calculations......Page 596
D.1 Derivation of equations......Page 599
D.2 Calculation sequence......Page 603
Answers to problems......Page 604
References......Page 608
B......Page 633
D......Page 635
E......Page 636
F......Page 637
I......Page 638
M......Page 639
P......Page 640
R......Page 641
S......Page 642
U......Page 646
Z......Page 647