Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust

Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part One. 1939-1945 Segregation and Brutal Discrimination
	1 The Jewish Badge and the Yellow Star in the Nazi Era
	Government General, Germany, and Protectorate of Bohemia- Moravia
	“Battle of the Badge” in France
	The Jewish Badge in Other Occupied and Satellite Countries
	Implementation of the Badge
	Jewish Reaction
	Reaction of Non-Jews
	Notes
	2 The Lublin Reservation and the Madagascar Plan: Two Aspects of Nazi Jewish Policy During the Second World War
	The Lublin Reservation
	The Madagascar Plan
	Notes
	3 The Jewish Ghettos of the Nazi Era
	Heydrich’s Dispatch and the “Ultimate Goal” in the Solution of the Jewish Question
	Lebensraum for the Germans and Todesraum for the Jews
	Crystalization of the Segregation Policy
	“Ghettoization” Attempts in Western, Southern, and Central Europe
	German Rationale for Segregation
	True Reasons for Ghettoization
	The First Ghettos
	Types of Ghettos
	Notes
	4 The Fate of the Jewish Book
	Notes
	5 Aspects of the Jewish Communal Crisis in Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia During the Nazi Period
	Notes
	6 Social Conflicts in the Ghetto
	Destruction and Degradation of the Intellectuals
	Pauperization and Equalization
	Lumpenproletariat
	Lumpenbourgeoisie
	Social Stratification
	Women and Children
	Antagonisms and Conflicts
	Class Struggle and, the Social Policy of the Judenrat
	Conclusions
	Notes
	7 The Karaites Under Nazi Rule
	Karaites in Germany and Italy Before World War II
	The Karaite Problem During World War II in France
	The Karaite Problem in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe
	Notes
	8 Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation
	Attitude of Collaborationists Toward the Jews
	The Ukrainian Underground Movement
	Ukrainians Friendly to Jews
	Conclusion
	Notes
Part Two. 1941-1945 Extermination
	9 The Extermination of the Polish Jews During the German Occupation, 1939-1945
	The Nazi “Solution of the Jewish Question”
	“Small Terror” and “Cold Pogroms”
	“Liquidation Actions” in Ghettos and Camps
	Estimate of the Total Jewish Losses in Poland
	Notes
	10 The Destruction of the Jews of Lwow, 1941—1944
	“Pogrom Blitz”
	Other “Actions” in Summer 1941
	“Economic War”
	Legal Limitations, Anti-Semitic Incitement
	“Labor” Decrees and “Labor” Camps
	The Ghetto Decree and New Actions
	Living Conditions
	Despite Everything: The First Resettlement from Lwow
	“Work Will Save You from Death”
	Disaster Is Imminent
	The Massive Action of 1942
	Establishment of the Ghetto in Lwow
	The Ghetto Regime and Internal Life
	New Actions in the Ghetto
	The Ghetto Is Transformed into a Julag
	Statistics on the Casualties
	Cultural Life in the Ghetto
	Attempts at Resistance and Revolt
	Liquidation of the Ghetto
	Jews on the Aryan Side
	Establishment of the Janowski Camp
	Hangmen of the Janowski Camp
	Inmates of the Janowski Camp
	Living Conditions in the Janowski Camp
	Resistance and Underground Activities in the Camp
	The Jewish Remnant of Lwow
	Bibliographical Note
	Notes
	11 Crimes in the Name of “Science”
	Notes
	12 Pseudo-Saviors in the Polish Ghettos: Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski of Lodz
	Notes
	13 The Messianic Complex of a Nazi Collaborator in a Ghetto: Moses Merin of Sosnowiec
	Meriris Rise
	Notes
	14 Jacob Gens: “Commandant” of the Vilna Ghetto
	15 The Extermination of the Gypsies: Nazi Genocide of an Aryan People
	16 Jewish Resistance to Nazism
	Strategic Base
	Arms and Leadership
	Timing and Objectives
	Traditions and Moral Values
	Passive Resistance
	Unarmed Active Resistance
	Armed Resistance
	Jewish Resistance: Elite or Mass Movement?
	Composition of the Jewish Underground
	Jewish Guerrillas in Action
	Jewish Participation in National Resistance Movements
	The Psychological Factors
	Conclusions
	Notes
	17 “Righteous Gentiles” in the Nazi Era
	Motives
	Conclusion
	18 Was There an “Other Germany” During the Nazi Period?
	The Clash Between Christianity and Nazism
	The Catholic Church
	The Protestant Church
	Other Christian Denominations
	The German Resistance Movement and the Jewish Question
	Two Letters from Pastor Hermann Maas
	Appendix B
	Notes
Part Three. Methodological Problems
	19 Polish Jewish Historiography Between the Two Wars
	General History
	Bibliographies
	Social and Economic History
	Political History
	Cultural History
	Local and Regional History
	Non-Jewish Historians
	Epilogue
	Notes
	20 European Jewish Research on the Holocaust
	Research Activities in Europe
	Jewish Institutes of Research in Europe
	Conclusions
	Notes
	21 American Jewish Research and Literature on the Holocaust
	Research Institutions in the United States and in Other American Countries
	Archives
	Libraries
	Research and Publications
	Projects in Progress
	Conclusions
	Notes
	22 Preliminary and Methodological Aspects of Research on the Judenrat
	Varieties of Jewish “Self-Government” Under Nazi Rule
	Genesis of the Judenrat
	The Führer Principle
	Decentralization vs. Centralization
	Exchange of “Experts”
	“Representation” and the Political Parties
	Effect of Population Transfers on the Composition of the Judenräte
	Jewish Opposition
	The Marxist Interpretation
	The Moral Dilemma
	Transition from Judenrat to Dictatorship
	Power and Jurisdiction
	General Importance of the Judenrat Question
	Notes
	23 Problems of Research on the Holocaust: An Overview
	Trends in the Collecting and Processing of Data
	Private Research and Landsmanshaftn Publications
	Schools of Thought on the Holocaust
	The Jewish People as a Subject for Research on the Holocaust
	Historical Problems Requiring Elucidation
	Summary of Practical Proposals
	Notes
Outline of Program for Holocaust Research
Index