Road Tunnels

Preface
Contents
1. The Formal Basis for Planning
	101 A brief summary of relevant laws
	102 Procedures according to the
		102.1 General Planning
		102.2 Zone Plan
		102.3 The Construction Process
			102.31 Application and notification requirements in general for road projects
			102.32 Further information on exceptions to construction applications
			102.33 Administrative processes for applications and notification
2 Geological Investigations
	201 Introduction
	202 The preliminary plan
	203 General plan
	204 The Zone Plan
	205 The Construction Plan/Tendering
		205.1 Supplementary geological investigations
		205.2 Geological and geo-technical
3 Consideration of the local environment
	301 Introduction
	302 Requirements and constraints
	303 Registration and investigation programmes
	304 Vibrationrestrictions and building inspection
	305 Requirements for water control
		305.1 Water tightness criteria
		305.2 Methods for meeting the sealing requirements. Organisation of the task
	306 Temporary water effluent
		306.1 General
		306.2 Contents of the application
		306.3 Control and supervision
	307 Use of chemicals in tunnel construction
	308 Permanent drainage
	309 Emission of gas and particles
		309.1 Impact analysis
		309.2 Recommended air quality criteria
		309.3 Emissions through ventilation shafts
	310 Cleansing tunnel air
	311 Noise in the proximity of the tunnel
4 Geometric design
	401 General
	402 Selection of tunnel category
	403 Tunnel cross-sections
	404 Verge area
	405 Safety measures with dangerous side obstacles
	406 Construction below the carriageway level.
	407 The tunnel cross-section for concrete tunnels
	408 Extension for lay-bys and niches
		408.1 Design and location of emergency lay-bys and turning points
		408.2 Niches for technical equipment
		408.3 Extension in mountain tunn with convoy traffic
	409 Interconnections
	410 Single lane tunnels
	411 Pedestrians and cyclists
	412 Alignment
		412.1 General
		412.2 Design speeds
		412.3 Horizontal curves/view
		412.4 Vertical curves
		412.5 Overtaking lanes
		412.6 Vertical curve radius
	413 Intersections
		413.1 Intersections outside the tunnel entrance
		413.2 Intersections inside the tu
			413.21 General
			413.22 Roundabouts
			413.23 Exit and Entry slip roads – twolevel junctions
			413.24 T-junctions
	414 Equipment, traffic signs and road marking
		414.1 General
		414.2 Equipment and traffic signs outside the tunnel
		414.3 Traffic signs in the tunnel
		414.4 Road marking and visibility
5 Aesthetic design of tunnels
	501 The main objectives
	502 The tunnel approach zone
		502.1 General
		502.2 Location
		502.3 Design
			502.31 Terrain and building constructions
			502.32 Existing and new vegetation
			502.33 Tunnel portals and other constructions
		502.4 Vegetation and signs
	503 The tunnel
		503.1 General design
		503.2 Line of the tunnel
		503.3 Designing the tunnel space
6 Traffic and fire safety
	601 General
		601.1 Existing tunnels
	602 Safety equipment
		602.1 Safety equipment in the various tunnel categories
		602.2 Equipment specifications for tunnel safety equipment
			602.201 Emergency power supply
			602.202 Emergency escape route lighting
			602.203 Emergency Exit signs
			602.204 Emergency telephone
			602.205 Fire extinguishers
			602.206 Water for fire extinguishing
			602.207 Flashing red stop signal
			602.208 Remote-controlled barriers for tunnel closure
			602.209 Changeable signs and lane signals
			602.210 CCTV surveillance
			602.211 Height barriers
		602.3 Radio equipment
			602.31 Communication equipment
			602.32 Broadcasting equipment with “interruption facilities”
			602.33 Mobile telephones
	603 Traffic control and incident detection
		603.1 Means analysis
		603.2 Main types of traffic control systems
			603.21 Pre-programmed measures
		603.3 Detection of incidents – technical solutions
			603.31 Indirect detection
			603.32 Direct detection
	604 Warning of Road works
	605 Fire protection
		605.1 General
		605.2 Fire load: specifications for constructions and equipment
	606 Transport of hazardous goods
	607 Emergency plans
7 The Workface, support, water and frost protection
	701 Cuttings and the tunnel entrance
	702 Work face assignments
		702.2 Pre-grouting
		702.1 Exploratory drilling (probing ahead of tunnel face)
	703 Support
		703.1 General
		703.2 Methods
	704 Requirements for equipment and emergency plans for sub-sea tunnelling
	705 Frost penetration in tunnels
		705.1 General
		705.2 Frost penetration
	706 Water and frost protection methods
		706.1 General
		706.2 Choice of construction
	707 Frost protection with the aid of thermal doors
	708 Portals
8 Drainage
	801 General
	802 The Drainage system
	803 Drainage trench
	804 System for accumulation of washwater
9 Sub-base and pavement
	901 General
	902 The formation level
	903 Pavement without frost protection
		903.1 Lower base course
		903.2 Upper base course, binder and wearing course
	904 Frost protected pavement
		904.1 The frost protection layer
		904.2 Insulation materials and cementstabilised gravel (Cg)
		904.3 Binder course and wearing course
10 Technical Equipment
	1001 Specifications for technical equipment
		1001.1 General requirements for electrical
		1001.2 Protection against corrosion of technical equipment
		1001.3 Degree of armouring
		1001.4 Cables
		1001.5 Technical rooms
	1002 Power supply
	1003 Lighting
		1003.1 General
		1003.2 Lighting in the tunnel approach – adaptation luminance
		1003.3 Lighting in the tunnel
			1003.31 Lighting level (luminance) in the tunnel. Zone demarcation
			1003.32 Lighting in lay-bys
		1003.4 Distance between light fittings
		1003.5 Light fittings
		1003.6 Priority lighting / emergency lighting
	1004 Ventilation
		1004.1 Air quality requirements in tunnels
			1004.11 General
			1004.12 Permitted concentration levels for carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and visibility pollution
		1004.2 Mechanical longitudinal ventilation
			1004.21 General
			1004.22 Impulse ventilators
			1004.23 Ventilators in ventilation shafts or side adits
	1005 Fire ventilation
11 Operation and maintenance
	1101 General
	1102 Methods of maintenance
		1102.1 General
		1102.2 Calendar-based maintenance
		1102.3 Operational-base maintenance
		1102.4 Situation-based maintenance based on visual inspection
		1102.5 Situation-based maintenance based on registration
		1102.6 Experience from systematic maintenance
	1103 Maintenance of constructions
		1103.1 General
		1103.2 Functional control
		1103.3 Evaluation of condition (status reports)
	1104 Maintenance of the road surface
		1104.1 General
		1104.2 Functional control
		1104.3 Particular requirements
	1105 Maintenance of technical installations
		1105.1 General
		1105.2 Maintenance manual
		1105.3 Functional control
		1105.4 Status reports
	1106 Cleaning
	1107 Winter maintenance
12 Documentation upon handover
Appendix A Evaluation and calculation of air pollution from road tunnels
Appendix B Calculation of noise dispersion from road tunnels
Appendix C Ventilation
	1. Calculation of fresh air requirements
	2. Calculation of required thrust for longitudinal ventilation
Appendix D Calculation model for fire ventilation
	Model for calculation of fan capacity for tunnels with a gradient
	Ventilation data for tunnels with fires of 5 MW and 20 MW
	Calculation of pressure contribution ∆p from natural wind and chimney effect
	Applications and limitations
	Designing the fan capacity
	Calculated examples:
Appendix E Mean annual temperatures and frost levels