Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur

Introduction
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Introduction
	Viṭṭhal Beckons
		Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
“Brahman Is Gathered at the Foot of the Wish-Granting Tree”
Introduction
(p.5) The Path of Inquiry
The Search for the Original Form
Introduction
Introduction
Source Materials
Introduction
Scholarship and Devotion
Introduction
History of Religion and The Study of Society
Introduction
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Research and Sectarianism
Introduction
Introduction
Satisfaction and Disappointment
Introduction
	Notes:
Introduction
Introduction
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
Ma¯ha¯tmyas of Pandharpur and the Literature of the Marathi Saint-Poets
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
The Date of the Pa¯n․ḍuraṅga Ma¯ha¯tmya from the Skanda pura¯n․a
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
The Testimony of Professor Kane
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
The Existence of the Ti¯rthakhaṇḍa
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
The Authority of the Ma¯ha¯tmya from the Skanda pura¯ṇa
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
The Dates of the Other Two Sanskrit Pa¯ṇḍuraṅga Ma¯ha¯tmyas
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
Evidence of Vaiṣṇavization in the Pa¯ṇḍuraṅga Ma¯ha¯tmya
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
“Pa¯ṇḍuraṅga” as a Place Name
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
	Notes:
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
Purāṇic Sources for the Study of Viṭṭhal
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
Four Reasons for the Manifestation
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
(p.35) Viṭṭhal, Different from the Twenty-Four
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
Viṭṭhal as Kānaḍa
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
“Standing sky-Clad”
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
“The Child Cowherd”
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
Childhood Play, the Kālā, and Bhāruḍs
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
(p.42) Pūṣan, Kṛṣṇa, and Viṭṭhal
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
	Notes:
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
Hari in Cowherd's Garb
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
Diṇḍīvan/tiṇḍīvan and the Diṇḍīra Forest
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
The Etymological Story in the Pāṇḍuraṅga Māhātmya
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
Veṅkaṭeś and Vit․t․hal
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
(p.49) Veṅkaṭeś and the Tamarind Tree
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
Cidambaram as Puṇḍari¯kpur
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
(p.54) Viṭṭhal-bi¯rappa¯'s Connection with Tamarind Trees
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
	Notes:
The Secret of the Diṇḍīra Forest
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
Vit․t․hal and Veṅkaṭeś
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
The Ma¯ha¯tmyas’ Explanations of the Artificial Attributes
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
The Vi¯raśaivas’ Claim: Veṅkaṭeś's Image is an Image of Vi¯rabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
The Vaiṣṇavas’ Rebuttal with Respect to the Image of Veṅkaṭeśvar
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
The Transformation of Bi¯rappa¯ into Vi¯rabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Vīrabhadra of Yaḍūr: Originally Bīrappā
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Vīrabhadra of Lepākṣī: Viṭṭhaleśvar-Vīreśvar
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Pandharpur, Tirumalai, and Vijayanagar
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Application of the “Two Forms” Verse
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
	Notes:
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhal, Veṅkaṭeś, and Vīrabhadra
Viṭṭhaleśvar
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Viṭṭhaleśvar
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
Viṭṭhaleśvar
Śaivization of Viṭṭhal?
Viṭṭhaleśvar
Viṭṭhaleśvar in the form of Viṣṇu and Kṛṣṇa
Viṭṭhaleśvar
Viṭṭhaleśvar
Vit․t․haleśvar at Soga¯ne
Viṭṭhaleśvar
Pa¯ṇḍuraṅga Sva¯mi¯ at Cintakuṇṭa¯
Viṭṭhaleśvar
(p.87) Viṭṭhaleśvar of Bhaṭṭiprolu
Viṭṭhaleśvar
Viṭṭhaleśvar
The Testimony of Inscriptions
Viṭṭhaleśvar: I¯śvar Established by Viṭṭhal?
Viṭṭhaleśvar
Viṭṭhaleśvar on Śrīśaila
Viṭṭhaleśvar
Viṣṇuvardhan Ca¯lukya of Veṅgi¯
Viṭṭhaleśvar
Viṭṭhaleśvar
Conclusion
Viṭṭhaleśvar
	Notes:
Viṭṭhaleśvar
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
The Extraordinary Feature of the Image in the Māhātmyas
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
Support From other Sources
Where Is the Image with the Syllables of the Mantra?
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
Solving The Enigma of the Mantra
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
The Cryptic Mantra in the Pāṇḍuraṅga Māhātmya in the Padma purāṇa
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
(p.101) Sa¯vata¯ Maha¯ra¯j's Description of Vit․t․hal
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
The Image Delightful to the Eyes
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
The Description in the Māhātmya from The Skanda purāṇa
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
Relocation of the Image
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
The Devotees’ Point of View
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
The Continuity of the Importance of the Holy Place
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
The Lack of Standardization of Images of Vit․t․hal
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
The Testimony of Baba Padhye
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
What Happened in the Nineteenth Century?
The Practice of Asserting the Presence of Nonexistent Features
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
Some Objections, Some Answers
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
Additional Criticisms, Additional Responses
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
The God Worshiped by the Saints
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
	Notes:
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
In Search of the Original Image of Viṭṭhal
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
The Image Connected with the Name “Viṭṭhal”
Hero-Gods with their Hands on their Hips
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
Might Viṭṭhal Too Have Been a Hero-God?
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
The Līḷā “He Tells about Viṭṭhal Vīr”
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
	He Tells about Viṭṭhal Vīr
Analysis of the Līḷā: an Attempt at Double Dishonor
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
An Interpolated Līḷā
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
Reviling Viṭṭhal
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
Viṭṭhal, Cowherds, and Hero-Stones
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
An Older Version of the Līḷā
The Divinization of Heroes
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
Śūdra Heroes and Hero-Stones
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
Viṭṭhal is not Originally a Hero-Stone
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
“The Valiant Ones of the Hero Viṭṭhal”
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
	Notes:
Viṭṭhal and Hero-Stones
Puṇḍalīk and Puṇḍarīkeśvar
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Puṇḍalīk and Puṇḍarīkeśvar
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
Puṇḍalīk and Puṇḍarīkeśvar
Inscriptions Referring to Puṇḍalīk
Puṇḍalīk and Puṇḍarīkeśvar
Paṇḍaraṅge and Puṇḍalīk
Puṇḍalīk and Puṇḍarīkeśvar
Puṇḍarīkeśvar, Not Puṇḍarīk
Puṇḍalīk and Puṇḍarīkeśvar
“In Between is the Beautiful Puṇḍalīk Liṅga”
Puṇḍalīk and Puṇḍarīkeśvar
Puṇḍalīk's Temple: a Śiva Temple
Puṇḍalīk and Puṇḍarīkeśvar
Puṇḍalīk and Puṇḍarīkeśvar
Puṇḍalīk and Puṇḍarīkeśvar
Puṇḍalīk and Puṇḍarīkeśvar
Mallikārjun and Puṇḍarīk
Puṇḍalīk and Puṇḍarīkeśvar
	Notes:
Puṇḍalīk and Puṇḍarīkeśvar
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
Puṇḍarīk in the Padma and Nṛsiṃha Purāṇas
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
Puṇḍarīk and Ambarīṣ
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
Puṇḍarīk in Indraprastha
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
Kuṇḍal's Son Sukarmā, Engrossed in Devotion to His Parents
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
Kṛṣṇadās Dāmā's Story of Puṇḍalīk
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
(p.166) Puṇḍalīk's “Change of Form”?
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
Puṇḍalīk Temple: a Śiva Temple
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
Pāṇḍuraṅga and Puṇḍarīk
Śiva with Viṣṇu
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
Vaikuṇṭha on Earth and Kailās on Earth
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
	Notes:
The Sources of the Story of Puṇḍalīk
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
The Garb of Silence
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
Viṭṭhal as the Buddha
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
The Story of Puṇḍalīk in Svānubhav Dinakar
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
The Later Form of the Kṛṣṇa avatār: Buddha
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
Paintings and Sculptures of Viṭṭhal as the Buddha
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
Buddha, the Incarnation of Illusion and Deception
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
The Buddha and Viṭṭhal
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
	Notes:
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
Viṭṭhal and the Buddha
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
“They Say the God of Paṇḍharī Belongs to the Jains”
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Action and Reaction
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Jejurī's Jain Yakṣa
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Viṭṭhal and Nemināth
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Lord Kṛṣṇa and Nemināth
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Kṛṣṇa, Viṭṭhal, and Nemināth
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Jain Rights and Viṭṭhal?
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Rumor and Belief
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Rāmdās and His Followers: Heirs of the Liberal Bhāgavat Dharma
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Rāmdās's Experience of Non-Difference
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Disciples Preserving a Liberal Tradition
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Viṭṭhal, Who Plays Many Roles
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
	Notes:
Viṭṭhal, Jains, and Rāmdāsīs
Mother Viṭhāī
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Mother Viṭhāī
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
Mother Viṭhāī
Mother Viṭhāī
Mother Viṭhāī
The Voice of a Yakṣiṇī
Mother Viṭhāī
Circles of Maternal Love
Mother Viṭhāī
Mother Viṭhāī
Mother Viṭṭhal, Mother Jñānrāj
Mother Viṭhāī
Viṭhāī-Bauddhāī
Mother Viṭhāī
The Image of Pure Motherly Love
Mother Viṭhāī
The Point of View Toward Evil Beings
Mother Viṭhāī
Three Forms of Motherhood
Mother Viṭhāī
Complete Primordial Motherhood
Mother Viṭhāī
	Notes:
Mother Viṭhāī
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
The Pure (Sovaḷe) and the Less Pure (Ovaḷe) Absolute
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
The Pure Devotee and the Less Pure Absolute
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
Viṭṭhal and the Veda
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
Viṭṭhal and Vedic Sacrifice
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
Construction of Place-Based Rituals
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
The Viṭṭhal of the Saints and the Viṭṭhal of the Pandits
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
	Notes:
The Vedicization of Viṭṭhal
The Yādavas’ God
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
The Yādavas’ God
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
The Yādavas’ God
Finding Viṭṭhal Among Pastoralists
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
(p.237) Viṭṭhal and the Yādavas
The Yādavas’ God
Gopāḷs and Tiramals
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādava Kings of Toṇḍaimaṇḍal
The Yādavas’ God
Kāḍu and Yāḍu
The Yādavas’ God
Virūpākṣa-Viṭṭhal: Lepākṣī and Hampī
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
Two Popular Motifs
The Seūṇa Yādavas and the Hoysaḷa Yādavas
The Yādavas’ God
The Origin Stories of Yādava Dynasties
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
Viṭṭhal's Higher form and His Original Form
The Yādavas’ God
Places Of The Original Form
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
Viṭṭhal-Birobā of Siddheśvar Kurolī
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
Dhanjī Viṭhobā of Pokharā̄pūr
The Yādavas’ God
The Arrival of Viṭṭhal and Bīrappā̄ in Paṭṭaṇkoḍolī
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
The Pilgrimage Festival at the Full Moon of ā̄śvin
The Yādavas’ God
The Vārī-Diṇḍī of Paṭṭaṇkoḍolī
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
Relationship With the Vaiṣṇava Tradition
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
“For the Sake of Bhakta Kuṇḍalīk”
The Yādavas’ God
Gavḷīs, Dhangars, and Nāmā̄ the Tailor
The Yādavas’ God
Once Again Toward Sanskritization
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
	Notes:
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
The Yādavas’ God
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
	Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
Abstract and Keywords
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
Waters That Transform
Traditional Imagery and Social Development
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
Centers of Social Life
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
“The Body is a Temple, the Legs are its Columns”
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
The Use of Symbols
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
(p.277) “He is a Tīrtha, He is a Kṣetra”
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
A Bath in the Tīrtha of Remorse
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
The Glory of the Tīrtha of Good Company
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
The Significance of The Jn͂āneśvarī
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
(p.283) Jn͂āneśvar's “Deśī Cave”
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
The Body is a Śaktipīṭh
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
“The Body is Paṇḍharī”
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
Vision Conforming to an Ideal
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
	Notes:
The Body Is Paṇḍharī
The Body Is Paṇḍharī