Riparia: Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Streamside Communities (Aquatic Ecology)

Foreword......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
Overview......Page 17
Purpose......Page 18
Hydrological Context......Page 20
Ecological Context......Page 23
Landscape Context......Page 25
Cultural Setting......Page 27
Rationale for Riparian Ecology......Page 28
Setting the Stage......Page 34
Overview......Page 35
Purpose......Page 36
Catchments and Hierarchical Patterns of Geomorphic Features......Page 38
Catchment Form and Channel Networks......Page 39
Catchment History......Page 41
Hierarchical Patterns of Geomorphic Features in Catchments......Page 44
Geomorphic Processes and Process Domains......Page 48
Headwater Erosion......Page 49
Channel Processes......Page 50
Floodplain and Channel Interactions......Page 54
Hydrologic Connectivity and Surface Water–Groundwater Exchange......Page 55
Surface Connectivity and Flooding......Page 56
The Dynamics of the Linked Surface–Subsurface Hydrologic System......Page 61
Conclusions......Page 63
Purpose......Page 65
The Historical Context......Page 67
Theoretical Basis for Classification......Page 69
Inventory......Page 71
Classification......Page 72
Emerging Classification Concepts......Page 73
Geomorphic Classification......Page 74
Hierarchical Classification......Page 75
Rosgen’s Classification......Page 81
Geomorphic Characterization (Aspect I)......Page 83
Morphologic Description (Aspect II)......Page 85
The Process Domain Concept......Page 86
The Hydrogeomorphic Approach......Page 88
Soils......Page 89
Plants......Page 90
Wildlife......Page 91
Treating Complexity and Heterogeneity in Classification Systems......Page 92
Attributes of an Enduring Classification System......Page 93
Conclusions......Page 94
Overview......Page 95
Purpose......Page 96
Life History Strategies......Page 97
Morphological and Physiological Adaptations of Riparian Plants......Page 98
Reproductive Strategies......Page 103
Identification of Riparian Zones Based on Soils and Vegetation Type......Page 107
Biophysical Characteristics of Riparian Soils......Page 108
Organic Matter......Page 109
Moisture......Page 110
Fauna......Page 112
Lateral Zonation......Page 113
Longitudinal Zonation......Page 116
Vegetative Succession......Page 120
Density, Basal Area, and Biomass......Page 128
Biological Diversity......Page 130
Diversity Theory and Measurement......Page 131
Site and Catchment Patterns......Page 134
Refuges......Page 135
Factors Controlling Species Richness......Page 136
Diversity of Soil Organisms......Page 137
Aboveground Fauna Diversity......Page 138
Overview......Page 141
Purpose......Page 142
Water Use and Flux......Page 143
Nutrient Fluxes......Page 147
Overview of Cycles and Processes......Page 148
Growth and Metabolism of Riparian Trees......Page 151
Timing of Growth and Rates of Net Primary Production......Page 153
Litterfall......Page 159
Mortality Rates......Page 161
Root Production......Page 163
Litter Quality......Page 165
Oxygen Tension......Page 166
Exogenous Nutrient Supply......Page 167
Mechanisms of Nitrogen Immobilization......Page 168
Nitrogen Accumulation in By-Products of Microbial Activity......Page 169
Decomposition of Riparian Litter......Page 170
Information Fluxes......Page 171
Microclimate......Page 172
Conclusions......Page 174
Overview......Page 175
Purpose......Page 176
Patch Dynamics and a Landscape Perspective of Catchments......Page 177
Nutrient Flows......Page 179
Riparian Zones as Buffers Against Nutrient Pollution from Upland Runoff......Page 180
Riparian Zones as Buffers Against High In-Stream Nutrient Levels......Page 184
Particle-Nutrient Considerations......Page 188
Energy Flows and Food Webs......Page 189
Energy Flows Between Riparia and Adjoining Aquatic Systems......Page 190
Large Animal Connections......Page 195
The Functional Grouping of Large Animal Interactions......Page 196
Pacific Salmon Influences on Riparian Ecosystems......Page 199
Conclusions......Page 202
Overview......Page 205
Purpose......Page 206
Resource Use......Page 208
Riparian Disturbances......Page 213
Understanding History: Basic Concepts and Approaches......Page 214
Cumulative Effects......Page 216
Historical Examples of Riparian Alterations......Page 217
Pervasive Human-Mediated Changes......Page 220
Disturbance Ecology: Responses to Stress......Page 221
Ecological Consequences of Flow Regulation......Page 223
Theory......Page 224
Extent of Flow Regulation......Page 226
Effects on Native Species and Processes......Page 228
Alterations to Energy and Nutrient Budgets......Page 231
Basic Ecological Principles......Page 233
Climate Change......Page 234
Changes in Precipitation and Runoff Regimes......Page 238
Increased Precipitation Variability......Page 239
Can Riparia Adapt to Climate Change?......Page 240
Temperature Regimes......Page 241
Nutrient Enrichment......Page 244
Invasive Species......Page 246
Conclusions......Page 248
Overview......Page 249
Purpose......Page 250
Riparian Management: A Recent and Evolving Concern......Page 251
Economic Valuation of Riparia......Page 253
Social and Cultural Perspective......Page 254
Suitable Management Institutions......Page 257
Information Collection and Dissemination......Page 259
Riparian Benefits from Catchment Management......Page 262
Riparian Benefits from River Management......Page 264
Catchments and Rivers Benefit from Riparian Management......Page 267
Riparian Management: A Highly Specific Process......Page 269
Adaptiveness......Page 270
Sustainability......Page 271
Revegetation of Riverbanks......Page 273
Human Dimension of Riparian Management......Page 275
Shared Socioenvironmental Visions......Page 276
Social-Ecological Systems......Page 277
Communication Needs......Page 282
Riparian Management as an Emerging Issue......Page 284
Overview......Page 285
Purpose......Page 286
Conserving Riparia for Biodiversity......Page 287
Conserving Riparia for Ecosystem Services......Page 290
Conserving Riparia for their Hydrologic Effects......Page 292
Riparian Conservation in a Management Context......Page 293
Human Benefits from Riparian Conservation......Page 298
Emergence of New Conservation Legislation......Page 300
Approaching Scientific Uncertainty in Ecological Problem Solving......Page 303
Conclusions......Page 304
Overview......Page 307
Purpose......Page 308
General Principles and Definitions......Page 310
Returning to More Natural Hydrologic Regimes......Page 311
Developing a Restoration Plan......Page 317
Identifying Problems and Opportunities......Page 318
Defining Goals and Objectives......Page 319
Implementing, Monitoring, and Evaluating......Page 320
Financial Incentives......Page 321
Setting Priorities......Page 322
Assessing the Ecological Integrity of Riparia......Page 324
Reintroducing Large Woody Debris......Page 330
Designing Riparian Buffer Zones......Page 333
Prescribed Grazing......Page 335
Conclusions......Page 338
Overview......Page 343
Purpose......Page 344
Riparia as Keystone Units of Catchment Ecosystems......Page 345
Riparia as Nodes of Ecological Organization......Page 347
A Unified Perspective of Riparian Ecology......Page 348
Developing a Future Vision......Page 349
Scenario Development......Page 350
Forecasting, Prediction, and Projection......Page 351
Emerging Perspectives, Tools, and Approaches......Page 353
Emerging Perspectives......Page 354
Aboveground......Page 357
Belowground......Page 362
General Techniques......Page 364
Principles for the Ecological Management of Riparia......Page 366
Global Environmental Change......Page 368
Conclusions......Page 371
Bibliography......Page 373
Index......Page 431