Rights to Plant Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge: Basic Issues and Perspectives

Contents......Page 5
Contributors......Page 15
Preface and Acknowledgements......Page 17
Abbreviations......Page 19
I.1 A New Regulatory Field......Page 23
I.2 Goals and Basic Assumptions......Page 24
I.3 The Current Legal Status of Plant Genetic Resources......Page 25
I.4.1 A multiple approach required......Page 27
I.4.3 Reform and novel uses of existing intellectual property rights: patents and plant breeders’ rights......Page 28
I.4.5 Support of trade in products resulting from the use of traditional plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and traditional knowledge......Page 29
I.4.6 Tariff measures facilitating the export of traditional knowledge-related products......Page 30
I.5 Conclusions......Page 32
PART I: GENERAL FRAMEWORK......Page 33
1.1 Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Factual Background and Problems......Page 35
1.2 Goals of Instruments and Measures to Protect Traditional Knowledge and Plant Genetic Resources: Basic Principles and Ethical Reflections......Page 66
Bibliography......Page 83
2.1 Introduction......Page 88
2.2 Permanent Sovereignty over Plant Genetic Resources......Page 89
2.3 International Agreements and Institutions......Page 91
2.4 Selected Regional and National Legal Frameworks......Page 114
Bibliography......Page 142
3.1 Introduction......Page 144
3.2 The Protection of TK Related to Plant Genetic Resources......Page 147
3.3 Impacts on Existing PGR, Landraces and TK......Page 166
Bibliography......Page 183
PART II: TOWARDS SUI GENERIS RIGHTS......Page 187
4.1 Introduction......Page 189
4.2 Origin and Allocation of Traditional Knowledge......Page 190
4.3 The Concept of Origin of PGRFA......Page 194
4.4 Introduction......Page 205
4.5 Historical Evolution of the Concept of Landrace......Page 206
4.6 How the Interplay of Plant Reproduction Systems, Human Uses and the Environment Affect the Incidence and Duration of Distinctions between Landraces......Page 212
4.7 Assessing Potential Intellectual Property Policy Responses......Page 217
4.8 Mining Data for Connections between Communities and Ex Situ Collections......Page 225
4.9 Assessing Possible Policy Responses to the Database Analyses......Page 229
4.10 Conclusion......Page 230
Bibliography......Page 231
5.1 Introduction......Page 235
5.2 The Strategic Case for Intellectual Property Protection......Page 236
5.3 Current State of the Law and Efforts Made to Date......Page 239
5.4 Basic Objections to IPR Protection......Page 248
5.5 A New IP Right in Traditional Knowledge......Page 252
5.6 The Creation and Registration of Rights......Page 260
5.7 The Interface with Other IP Rights......Page 263
5.9 Conclusions......Page 265
Bibliography......Page 268
6.2 Existing Intellectual Property Rights: Avenues for Further Development......Page 271
6.3 Management and Enforcement of IPR and Traditional PGR: Institutional Design......Page 285
Bibliography......Page 310
PART III: OPTIONS FOR COLLECTIVE AND TRADE POLICY MEASURES......Page 313
7.2 Farmers’ Rights......Page 315
7.3 Reviewing Access Legislation......Page 320
7.4 Financial Mechanisms for Compensation of Non-assignable Traditional Plant Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge......Page 333
Bibliography......Page 353
8.1 Introduction......Page 356
8.2 The Agreement of Agriculture and the Maintenance of TK and PGRFA......Page 359
8.3 The Structure of Agriculture in Developing Countries......Page 365
8.4 The Impact of Agricultural Export Subsidies and Food Aid on Agrobiodiversity......Page 371
8.5 Direct Payments......Page 379
8.7 Introduction......Page 389
8.8 Market Access for Developing Countries in PGR Products......Page 393
8.9 The Prospects of Differential Tariffs for Traditional Knowledge-based Products......Page 396
8.10 TK and the TBT and the SPS Agreements......Page 407
8.11 The Need for Joint Standard-setting Operations......Page 411
8.12 Non-discrimination Principles of GATT 1994 and Traditional Knowledge......Page 412
8.14 The Impact of National Treatment......Page 414
8.15 Product Process Methods (PPMs) in GATT 1994......Page 417
8.16 Conclusions......Page 419
Bibliography......Page 420
A......Page 424
C......Page 425
F......Page 426
I......Page 427
L......Page 428
P......Page 429
S......Page 430
V......Page 431
W......Page 432